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The ability to solve mathematical problems has been an interesting research topic for several decades. Intuition is considered a part of higher-level thinking that can help improve mathematical problem-solving abilities. Although many studies have been conducted on mathematical problem-solving, research on intuition as a bridge in mathematical problem-solving is still limited. This research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of intuitive thinking in mathematics learning at the elementary, middle, high school, and college levels through the following questions: What is the role of intuitive thinking in solving mathematical problems? What is the process of intuitive thinking in solving mathematical problems? What steps are taken to improve mathematical problem-solving through intuitive thinking? What are the implications of intuitive thinking for mathematical learning? Additionally, this research reviews the literature related to intuition in mathematical problem-solving. The protocol used in this SLR is PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes). The results show that intuitive thinking can help improve mathematical problem-solving for topics such as number, geometry, algebra, functions, and calculus. The process of intuitive thinking is produced by 1students having high levels of confidence, 2justification not always being the same as an intuitive response, and 3students rejecting intuitive answers. This research can provide insights and input for educators, researchers, and education policymakers in developing better mathematics education. Future research can further explore intuition in mathematical problem-solving and develop effective learning models to improve mathematical problem-solving abilities through intuitive thinking.

Algebraic thinking is a person’s ability to understand, analyze, and solve problems using algebraic concepts to simplify statements and find solutions. Currently, many prospective teachers still lack proficiency in applying algebraic thinking skills. Self-efficacy is one of the factors that influences algebraic thinking ability. This study aims to reveal the relationship between self-efficacy and algebraic thinking skills in pre-service mathematics teachers. In the context of solving math problems, especially algebraic ones, algebraic thinking skills are crucial. Using a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, the study employed interview guidelines, questionnaires, and tests as instruments. The results show a clear correlation between the level of self-efficacy and algebraic thinking ability. Pre-service teachers with high self-efficacy can effectively evaluate information, use symbols to represent variables, and solve algebraic equations well. They are also able to determine the values of unknown variables. On the other hand, participants with moderate self-efficacy can interpret and communicate information but are less systematic in selecting problem-solving steps that involve abstraction. Participants with low self-efficacy struggle to interpret information and cannot explain the relationship between the information in the problem and the question asked, leading to incorrect solutions. The conclusion of this study is that the higher the level of self-efficacy, the better one’s algebraic thinking ability. This indicates the importance of enhancing students’ self-efficacy to support more effective algebra learning.

Floatplanes necessitate the utilization of floaters that possess the capacity to facilitate aircraft manoeuvring activities, hence safeguarding passengers against potential hazards associated with sea-based crashes. This paper is to analyse the impact of the manoeuvrability of the N219 floatplane on multiple variables, such as the distance between catamaran hulls, trim angle, and cruising speed. The selection of the open-free-running test method for the testing model is based on its advantages, including its costeffectiveness, simplicity, and demonstrated accuracy in yielding reliable outcomes. The floatplane model is outfitted with a remote-control system that is connected through a wireless communication system. The trajectory of the floatplane model is documented using a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, and the collected data is subsequently transformed into a trajectory line for the purpose of enabling analysis. The turning model test is used to find the best hull distance variation out of three options considering the parameters of tactical diameter (TD), advance (A), transfer (T), and radius (R). The tests are undertaken for three different combinations of trim angle and speed. The results show that S/L 0.5 is the ideal distances between the floater hulls while a trim angle of 0°, and a Froude number of 0.064. The condition defines the ratio of parameters and the length of the ship (Lpp), which includes the values of TD/Lpp, A/Lpp, T/Lpp, and R/Lpp as 2.49, 1.59, 1.60, and 1.26, respectively

The purpose of this research was to determine the critical thinking ability of mathematics from junior high school students based on FI and FD cognitive style. Data of this research were taken from students grade VIII at SMPN 2 Ambarawa. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was taken with a testing method; the critical thinking was measured with WGCTA which is modified with mathematical problems, the cognitive style was measured with GEFT. The student's test result was analysed, then four students were selected, the two of them are FI cognitive style, and the others are FD cognitive style, for qualitative analysis. The result showed that the ability of mathematics critical thinking students with FI cognitive style is better than FD cognitive style on the ability of inference, assumption, deduction, and interpretation. While on the aspect of argument evaluation, mathematics critical thinking ability of students with FD cognitive style is a little better than students with FI cognitive style.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the tenurial system of customary land in Java, its deficiency, the accompanying consequences on land access, and the identification of modes of improvement in order to accelerate rural development.   Theoretical framework: This study was based on theories of rural development and decentralization, with a specific focus on landless farmers.   Method: This study employed qualitative method to analyze the tenurial system of customary land in Java. Data were collected through two steps, first, observations, interviews, and documentaries were conducted to understand the realities of customary land tenure from the descriptive statistics and narratives of local officers. Second, a focus group discussion involving local officers and villagers was held to present the initial findings, formulate a new tenancy system, and analyze the possibilities of its application in village administration.   Results and conclusion: Based on the villages in the Grobogan District of Central Java Province, this study showed that land use causes unequal access to landless farmers. The land management methods to finance village development programs are currently irrelevant in the framework of recent decentralization. A system that can benefit landless farmers is contract farming.   Implications of research: This study provided evidence-based information for policymakers to improve the use of customary land for landless farmers and an additional reference for rural development in the world.   Originality/value: Studies on Indonesian rural development have shown the strategic position of customary lands in Indonesia, especially in Java. However, little is known about the potential of customary lands to achieve sustainable rural development, as this issue is still inadequately addressed in the literature. This led to the implementation of this study, with the objectives of analyzing the tenurial system of customary land in Java, its deficiency, and accompanying consequences on land access, alongside identifying improvement approaches in order to accelerate rural development.

Confectioneries contain high amounts of sugar. High consumption frequency of candies may lead to various health risks. Sugar in jelly candy can be substituted with fructo-oligosaccharides and xylitol as a healthy sugar. This study examined the effect of using fructo-oligosaccharides and xylitol as a sugar substitute on the pH, degree of Brix, water activity, moisture content, hardness, colour, syneresis, and sensory of jelly candy from pectin. Sucrose was substituted with fructo-oligosaccharides (5.47%, 10.93%, and 16.36%) and glucose syrup was substituted with xylitol (5.47%, 10.93%, and 16.36%). The results showed that substituting sugar with fructo-oligosaccharides and xylitol affected the jelly candy’s physical and chemical characteristics ( p < 0.05). The higher the concentration of fructo-oligosaccharides and xylitol used, the lower the water activity, moisture content, and syneresis, as well as increasing the colour of the jelly candy compared to the control. Jelly candy with the highest sugar substitute concentrations obtained the softest of the jelly candy hardness. The sensory evaluation showed that panellists preferred jelly candy with sugar substitutions of 5.47% fructo-oligosaccharides and 5.47% xylitol.

The prevalence of childhood diabetes has been increasing, with diagnoses occurring at younger ages. Since excessive sugar intake is a key dietary risk, there is growing interest in reducing sucrose in foods by using low-glycemic alternatives. This study evaluated the effects of replacing sucrose with isomalto- oligosaccharides (IMO), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and polydextrose (PDX) in soft milk candy on its physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance. A two-phase single-factor randomized block design was used, first testing each substitute, then evaluating the best candidate (IMO) at 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 sucrose-to-substitute ratios. Measurements included moisture content, water activity, hardness, and color. Sensory attributes - aroma, texture, taste, color, and overall liking - were rated using a 9-point hedonic scale. Results showed that IMO increased moisture and water activity. PDX produced a softer texture, while FOS resulted in firmer candies. All substitutes reduced lightness (L value) compared to sucrose. Among all formulations, 50 % IMO replacement had the highest sensory scores, with overall liking similar to the sucrose control. Thus, partial substitution with IMO, particularly at 50 %, is a promising strategy to reduce sucrose while maintaining desirable sensory and physicochemical properties in soft milk candy.

Edible crystal is a traditional Japanese confectionery product with an unique texture. However, the high sucrose content in edible crystal can cause excessive sweet taste and adverse health effect. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimum formulation of IMO–erythritol sweetener combination and to evaluate its impact on the physicochemical and sensory properties of edible crystal. This research observed six formulations, namely P1 (100% sucrose), P2 (40% erythritol + 60% IMO), P3 (50% erythritol + 50% IMO), P4 (60% erythritol + 40% IMO), P5 (70% erythritol + 30% IMO), and P6 (80% erythritol + 20% IMO). The results showed that an increase in erythritol concentration led to an increase in water activity (aw) from 0.74 to 0.84, hardness from 14 to 35 N, and L* values from 61 to 68. However, there was a decrease in density value, as well as a* and b* values. The hedonic test results of edible crystal with erythritol and IMO had higher liking levels for aroma, taste, and overall liking compared to the control. JAR test results showed that P3 was the formulation with the most optimal sensory attribute intensity. Thus, the combination of erythritol and IMO in equal proportions represents the most promising formulation for developing low-calorie and diabetes-friendly edible crystals.

The utilization of shape memory polymers (SMP) is expanding across various industries due to their unique behavior. The shape memory polymers, such as, polylactic acid (PLA) can be fabricated as shape transforming structure using 3D printing and make use of thermal stimulation which also designated as four-dimensional (4D) printing process. One crucial aspect of these materials is the recovery process of the shape-transforming structure after the load is released. This recovery process plays a vital role in determining the behavior of the materials. The influence of 3D printing parameters and the establishment of recovery properties of the material and the correlations between the memory properties and thermal recovery have not been extensively explored. Therefore, this study aims to examine the activation of 3D printing polylactic acid (PLA) shape memory polymer (SMP) and the effects of varying parameters when exposed to thermal stimulation. The PLA specimens were printed in the semicircular shape and the parameters namely thickness, infill density, printing speed, deformation temperature, and recovery temperature are varied to obtain different shape-recovery ratio. The experimental results indicated that the highest recovery ratio observed was 0.784. This was achieved with the following combination of parameters: a thickness of 3 mm, an infill density of 50%, a printing speed of 30 mm/s, a deformation temperature of 55 °C, and a recovery temperature of 80 °C. Furthermore, ANOVA analysis was performed to obtain the pivotal constituent of the data and the contribution of every experimental factor. It denoted that the thickness parameter was the significant factor. The experimental results recorded that the PLA structures had the optimum shape memory properties with combination of high recovery temperature, faster printing speed, lower density, and thinner component.

A floater is a buoyant apparatus employed to enable a floatplane to remain afloat and operate on the water surface. During its operational period, the floater experiences stress and deformation as a result of hydrodynamic loads. This study primarily focuses on providing a comprehensive examination of the structural strength of the proposed floater design. The determination of the structural integrity is achieved by the use of the finite element approach which is a popular method for numerically solving, and where in the wave-induced loads experienced by the floater structure are utilized as input parameters. The stress intensity in the floater structure is resulted in relation to the wave load parameters, specifically wave height and wave heading angle. The use of a structural reliability approach involves the consideration of the inherent randomness associated with both the load imposed on a structure and its strength. The Monte Carlo method is utilized to generate randomness of in order to determine the Probability Density Function (PDF) of both the structure’s stresses and its strength. The computational findings elucidate that the floater structure exhibits reliability level of 97 % to 71% in a range of wave height between 0.5 to 3 meters and including reliability level of 100 % to 92% in a similar wave height factor, based on construction materials of aluminium and steel, respectively. This reliability level was indicating toughness of floater structure in each wave condition, smaller reliability level means there is high chance of structural failure.