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"Rodney, Robert M"
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REACHING OUT FOR SOLUTIONS: AMERICAN DIPLOMACY DURING THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS, 1931-1933 (JAPAN, CHINA, UNITED STATES)
The failure of American diplomacy to halt Japan's occupation of Manchuria frustrated statesmen, diplomats, and foreign service officers at the time. It also generated considerable debate among those who studied the origins of World War II in later years. One school of thought holds that the United States should have taken a more forceful stand against Japanese aggression in 1931; another that the United States could have done little to stop Japan at that early date. Yet unpublished despatches and journals of those who dealt with the crisis indicate that the Hoover Administration missed diplomatic opportunities to resolve it by responding narrowly to what was happening in the Far East while overlooking the reasons why it was happening. Despite early warnings of impending crisis, Americans had little interest in Manchuria, and the Mukden Incident took the Department of State by surprise. Reacting to events of the moment, the Administration saw no justification for Japan's military operations and judged that Sino-Japanese negotiations should not be encouraged until Japan withdrew her troops. Efforts to secure the troop withdrawal failed, however, leaving little choice but to accept a military fait accompli or condemn Japan's breach of international law. Only after American policy was firmly set did American observers in the field begin to challenge it as too narrow and inflexible to influence Japan. On the basis of conditions prior to the Mukden Incident, they argued that Japan had real grievances as well as China. If China feared the loss of Manchuria to Japanese imperialism, Japan feared the loss of vital economic interests to Chinese repudiation of past agreements. Americans overseas saw possibilities and proposed plans for a negotiated settlement, provided Japan and China received help from a third party willing and able to see both sides of the dispute. The tragedy is that they spoke too late to change the course of American diplomacy, and the challenge of the Manchurian crisis to the principle of a world community governed by international law and peaceful means was not met. Sino-Japanese relations continued to fester, and American-Japanese relations drifted toward war.
Dissertation
Genetic characterization of fall armyworm infesting South Africa and India indicate recent introduction from a common source population
The invasion of the Western Hemisphere native fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda; J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into the Eastern Hemisphere has been notable for the rapidity and geographical breadth of new detections. In the year following the first discovery in western sub-Saharan Africa in 2016, infestations have been documented in most sub-Saharan maize growing regions and has now expanded beyond Africa with populations recently reported in India. These observations could indicate a remarkable capacity for rapid establishment and long-distance dissemination. However, while fall armyworm does exhibit extended migration in North America where it annually traverses thousands of kilometers, this behavior is known to be dependent on highly favorable wind patterns and so can't be assumed to occur in all locations. An alternative possibility is that the species has long been present in Africa, and perhaps the rest of the hemisphere, but was undetected until the enhanced monitoring that resulted after its initial discovery. Determining whether the fall armyworm in the Eastern Hemisphere is newly arrived or long pre-existing is important for assessing the risks of significant economic impacts, as the former indicates a change in pest composition while the latter does not. This study examined this issue by comparing collections from two geographically distant locations, South Africa and India. Sequence comparisons were used to quantify differences between the South Africa and India collections, assess the likelihood of their sharing a common source population, and their possible relationship with previously characterized fall armyworm from other regions of Africa. The results indicate genetic homogeneity between the South African and Indian fall armyworm populations tested and substantial similarities between these and collections from eastern Africa. The implications of these findings on fall armyworm population behavior and composition are discussed.
Journal Article
Duration of resuscitation efforts and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study
During in-hospital cardiac arrests, how long resuscitation attempts should be continued before termination of efforts is unknown. We investigated whether duration of resuscitation attempts varies between hospitals and whether patients at hospitals that attempt resuscitation for longer have higher survival rates than do those at hospitals with shorter durations of resuscitation efforts.
Between 2000 and 2008, we identified 64 339 patients with cardiac arrests at 435 US hospitals within the Get With The Guidelines—Resuscitation registry. For each hospital, we calculated the median duration of resuscitation before termination of efforts in non-survivors as a measure of the hospital's overall tendency for longer attempts. We used multilevel regression models to assess the association between the length of resuscitation attempts and risk-adjusted survival. Our primary endpoints were immediate survival with return of spontaneous circulation during cardiac arrest and survival to hospital discharge.
31 198 of 64 339 (48·5%) patients achieved return of spontaneous circulation and 9912 (15·4%) survived to discharge. For patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, the median duration of resuscitation was 12 min (IQR 6–21) compared with 20 min (14–30) for non-survivors. Compared with patients at hospitals in the quartile with the shortest median resuscitation attempts in non-survivors (16 min [IQR 15–17]), those at hospitals in the quartile with the longest attempts (25 min [25–28]) had a higher likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (adjusted risk ratio 1·12, 95% CI 1·06–1·18; p<0·0001) and survival to discharge (1·12, 1·02–1·23; 0·021).
Duration of resuscitation attempts varies between hospitals. Although we cannot define an optimum duration for resuscitation attempts on the basis of these observational data, our findings suggest that efforts to systematically increase the duration of resuscitation could improve survival in this high-risk population.
American Heart Association, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, and the National Institutes of Health.
Journal Article