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Urea concentrations in urine patches deposited during animal grazing can be over ten times higher than typical fertiliser application rates, potentially leading to large ammonia (NH 3 ) losses. The process-based NZ-DNDC model was modified to better simulate soil pH changes and ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions following urine application using data collected from a New Zealand field trial. After modification, simulated 30-day NH 3 emissions decreased from 506 to 117 kg N ha −1 compared to measured emissions of 78 ± 3 kg N ha −1 (mean ± standard error) and the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) for daily NH 3 emissions increased from −7.11 to +0.97 for the parameterisation dataset. However, modified model correctly estimated the cumulative emissions for the first 7 days. Using the same parameterisation on an independent dataset from a nearby site gave cumulative 18-day NH 3 emissions of 84 kg N  ha −1 compared to the measured 48 ± 2 kg N ha −1 (mean ± standard error). However, the NSE for daily NH 3 emissions was −0.71, indicating site specific parameterisation might be needed. The sensitivity of NH 3 emissions to ±5 and ±10% errors in 4 model parameters was tested. The sensitivities ranged from −0.36 to +0.71. The highest sensitivity was to the rate of NH 3 transfer from the soil solution to the atmosphere and the lowest sensitivity was to the rate of urea hydrolysis.

Background: According to the WHO, “unsafe abortion occurs when a pregnancy is terminated either by people lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both”. Aim: To review the legislation that ensures access to elective abortion and the main indicators of elective abortion in Spain. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011 to 2020. The regulations of each region on the creation of the clinical committee and the creation of the registry of conscientious objector professionals were identified. Data were collected on rates of elective abortions per 1000 women, type of health center where the intervention was performed, interval of weeks of gestation, and cause. Results: After Law 2/2010 entered into force, the Spanish regions created a clinical committee; however, very few regions have a registry of conscientious objectors. During the study period, the average annual rate in Spain was 11.10 elective abortions per 1000 women between 15 and 44 years of age, showing a decreasing trend (annual percentage change of −1.92%). Only 10.67% of abortions were performed at public centers. In 90.18% of the cases, abortions were performed at the woman’s request. Conclusion: Spain legislated late compared to most European Union countries. The current law is similar to that of other member states, allowing abortion at the woman’s request in the first fourteen weeks and thereafter for medical reasons. Most abortions are performed at private centers, although many territorial inequalities are observed.

Introduction and objectives. Several studies indicate that adolescents and adults with ASD level 1 (ASD-1) have difficulties in their functioning despite not having a comorbid intellectual disability. For this reason, the objective of this review was to analyse factors that significantly influence adults with ASD-1 functioning. The search terms Asperger's, \"high-functioning autism\", adapt*, \"daily function*\" and synonyms were used in 14 databases. A total of 44 articles were finally included in this review. Results and conclusions. Multiple factors are involved in the functioning of adults with ASD-1, such as the implementation of transition to adulthood programs, executive functions impairment, level of affectation in symptomatology and mental health, along with socio-environmental factors. The few studies that have been carried out on this last factor mention that families and professionals play an important role in the functioning of adults with ASD-1. Therefore, on its own, IQ is not a consistent predictor of functioning. As an important conclusion, studies that measure functioning holistically are required.

Corpus callosotomy is a therapeutic approach for drug-resistant epilepsy, with positive outcomes observed in managing atonic seizures. Despite a decline in its usage, radiosurgical callosotomy remains a viable option for drug-resistant epilepsy due to its low risks of post-radiation neoplasia, albeit not with exceptions. Brain radionecrosis is characterized by tissue death and vascular endothelial damage following the procedure. Despite the low risk of intracranial secondary malignancy associated with radiation in some cases, post-radiation lesions might present with distinct characteristics needing a thorough diagnostic approach. Herein, we present a unique case of a patient with focal epilepsy who developed a radionecrotic lesion following radiosurgical callosotomy, affecting the anterior cingulate cortex, and mimicking a central nervous system (CNS) tumor. Molecular imaging techniques, including 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18-FDG PET/CT) and 11C-acetate PET/CT scans, were employed to differentiate the lesion from a tumor. This case underscores the importance of considering radionecrosis as a differential diagnosis in patients who undergo radiosurgical callosotomy presenting with ring-like enhancement lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Respect for different sexual options and orientations prevents the occurrence of hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGTBI) persons for this reason. Our aim was to review the legislation that protects the rights of LGTBI people and to quantify the victimization rates of hate crimes based on sexual identity and orientation. A retrospective observational study was conducted across all regions of Spain from 2011–2021. The laws on LGTBI rights in each region were identified. Hate crime victimization data on sexual identity and orientation were collected in annual rates per 100,000 inhabitants, annual percentage change and average change during the study period to assess the trend. The regulatory development of laws against discrimination against LGTBI individuals is heterogeneous across regions. Overall, in Spain there is an upward trend in the number of hate crime victimizations motivated by sexual identity or orientation. The effectiveness of data collection, thanks to better training and awareness of police forces regarding hate crimes and the processes of data cleansing and consolidation contributes to a greater visibility of hate crimes against LGTBI people.

The box jellyfish Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (Chirodropida: Cubozoa: Cnidaria) is common in warm waters. Although it is assumed that external fertilization is a characteristic of Chirodropida, the life history of C. quadrumanus is not yet known since its reproductive behavior has never been described, nor has the polyp has been found in nature. As a result, in the absence of documentation of reproductive behavior, we sought to test the hypothesis of external fertilization through a histological analysis of the female gonads. Herein, we analyze ten females collected in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and describe the gonadal organization and pattern of oocyte development. The discovery of four distinct stages of oocyte differentiation augments the scant existing reports of the structural and functional maturation of sex cells in Cubozoa species. Furthermore, the gonads of mature females comprise both mature (average diameter of 122 µm) and immature oocytes, suggesting that C. quadrumanus is iteroparous and exhibits multiple reproductive cycles during its life. Medusa bell size was not found to correlate with maturity state as even small females possessed a high percentage of oocytes in late vitellogenesis, suggesting that sexual maturation occurs rapidly in C. quadrumanus females.

IntroductionYellow passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa ) is a key tropical crop in Colombia, with export potential limited by thrips Neohydatothrips signifer infestations. The objective of this study was to propose and implement an integrated thrips management strategy that complies with the phytosanitary requirements of the European market. This strategy combined climatic models, environmental indicators, insecticide efficacy assessments, and an economic analysis to promote sustainability and regulatory compliance in export-oriented production.MethodsField monitoring was conducted from 2022 to 2024 in a commercial orchard located in Suaza, Huila, southern Colombia. Thrips populations were distributed across sampling points, applying a standardized tapping method on vegetative terminals. Climate variables such as temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation were recorded and analyzed using regression-based models to predict pest dynamics, monitored twice per week across nine experimental units using 54 randomly distributed sampling points. Insecticide efficacy, individually and in mixtures, was evaluated using a modified Abbott model, while environmental impact was quantified based on the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ). Economic analysis was conducted to estimate thrips management costs in relation to the phytosanitary strategy.ResultsThrips populations peaked during flowering (>20 individuals per terminal shoot) and declined under higher rainfall, with abundance significantly correlated with minimum temperature ( r = 0.63) and relative humidity ( r = –0.57; p < 0.05). The best climate-based predictive model was the negative binomial, with temperature and rainfall as the main drivers. Insecticide mixtures did not improve the efficacy of control applications, with antagonistic interactions being observed on several occasions. The Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) associated with chemical applications during the study period was 19.7, while residue analyses confirmed compliance with European Union maximum residue limits (EU MRLs).DiscussionThrips management accounted for 38% of total phytosanitary costs, with the highest expenditures occurring during the flowering (42%) and fruiting (35%) stages. These results show that combining predictive climate models, targeted insecticide mixtures, and sustainability management improves thrips management efficiency, cost effectiveness, and export compliance.

Resistance to therapy remains a major obstacle in cancer management. Although treatment with hormone and CDK4/6 inhibitors is successful in luminal breast cancer, resistance to these treatments is frequent, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies to delay disease progression and improve patient survival. Here, we assessed the mechanisms of acquired resistance using T47D and MCF-7 tamoxifen- and palbociclib-resistant cell-line variants in culture and as xenografts, and patient-derived cells (PDCs) obtained from sensitive or resistant patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). In these models, we analyzed the effect of specific kinase inhibitors on survival, signaling and cellular aggressiveness. Our results revealed that mTOR inhibition is more effective than PI3K inhibition in overcoming resistance, irrespective of PIK3CA mutation status, by decreasing cell proliferation and tumor growth, as well as reducing cell migration and stemness. Moreover, a combination of mTOR and CDK4/6 inhibitors may prevent pathway reactivation downstream of PI3K, interfering with the survival of resistant cells and consequent tumor escape. In conclusion, we highlight the benefits of incorporating mTOR inhibitors into the current therapy in ER + breast cancer. This alternative therapeutic strategy not only enhances the antitumor response but may also delay the emergence of resistance and tumor recurrence.

En 2 estudios se indagó si y cómo la presentación bimodal de información cuantitativa impacta en la comprensión y el uso de los valores cardinales 1 a 6 por parte de niños preescolares. Se utilizó un diseño transversal correlacional-causal, conformándose una muestra por conveniencia de 108 niños de 3 y 4 años de Rosario (Argentina). Los niños de ambos grupos etarios resolvieron la tarea Dame un Número, en el Estudio 1 con palabras número y en el Estudio 2 con colecciones de objetos y en imágenes (condición unimodal iterativa) y con objetos e imágenes junto con sus correspondientes palabras número (condición bimodal). A través de pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas los resultados mostraron que los modos bimodales, en comparación con los unimodales, ampliaron de 2 a 4 el tamaño de las colecciones que los niños de 3 años fueron capaces de construir y de colecciones de tamaño 3 a 6 a los 4 años. La modalidad semiótica es así un factor clave al presentar y expresar información cuantitativa cuando los niños preescolares resuelven problemas que involucran números.

Objetivo: determinar la eficacia de una intervención en rehabilitación pulmonar en adultos mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental clínico aleatorizado, contó con una participación de treinta y dos pacientes, distribuidos en un grupo intervención y control; se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de EPOC confirmado a través de la prueba de espirometría forzada y se administró el cuestionario de aptitud para la actividad física (PAR-Q) siguiendo las recomendaciones internacionales. Resultados: El grupo intervención y control contó cada uno con la participación de 11 mujeres y 5 hombres, esto corresponde al 68 % [IC95% 51 -84] y el 32 % [IC95 % 15 -48], respectivamente, en su totalidad con una edad mínima de 60 años y máxima de 84 años; en los dos grupos intervenidos se emplearon pruebas de evaluación inicial; en la postintervención se evidencia cambios significativos en variables como la fuerza muscular respiratoria, metros recorridos y consumo de oxígeno indirecto, que muestra un valor de la P <0,05 estadísticamente significativa en cada uno de los grupos; sin embargo, la comparación entre grupos no muestra diferencias significativas. Lo anterior sugiere que cualquier intervención puede tener efectos similares en este tipo de pacientes. Conclusión: La rehabilitación pulmonar sigue generando efectos positivos, sin embargo, el estudio nos permitió identificar que la frecuencia con la que se realiza la intervención es fundamental en el tratamiento y su elección debe adaptarse de acuerdo a los objetivos que se desean alcanzar con el paciente.