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We investigate the oceanic and ionospheric response in New Caledonia‐New Zealand and Chile‐Argentina to the 15 January 2022 Hunga‐Tonga volcanic eruption. For the first time, we highlight a reversed response in the oceans and in the ionosphere in terms of the amplitudes. The sea‐surface fluctuations due to the passage of the atmospheric Lamb wave (i.e., air‐sea wave) were not remarkable while the related ionospheric perturbation was considerable. Reversely, the eruption‐induced tsunami (“regular” tsunami) caused major variations in sea‐surface heights (∼1 m near the volcano and ∼2 m along the Chilean coastline), whereas the associated ionospheric perturbation was quite small. The observed large‐amplitude ionospheric response due to Lamb waves propagation is difficult to explain, and the coupling between the Lamb wave and the ionosphere is not well‐understood yet. For the first time, we estimate the delay between the Lamb waves and their signatures in the ionosphere to be ∼12–20 min. Plain Language Summary The eruption of Hunga‐Tonga volcano produced a variety of atmospheric and tsunami waves recorded all over the world. We study the impacts of the eruption together on the oceans and in the ionosphere in New Caledonia‐New Zealand (near the volcano) and Chile‐Argentina (far from the volcano). At the sea surface, we observe two phenomena causing sea‐height variations. The first is a small tsunami (air‐sea wave) created by the Lamb wave: the high‐pressure atmospheric wave triggered by the eruption. The second is the tsunami induced by the eruption itself. Spectacularly, at 300 km altitude, in the ionosphere, we observe perturbations in the electron content caused by the Lamb wave and by the regular tsunami. We are the first to report on the reversed amplitude of the two phenomena in the oceans and in the ionosphere. The sea‐surface perturbation caused by the Lamb wave was not significant, while ionospheric perturbation was considerable. In contrast, the regular tsunami wave produced major variations. For the first time, we estimate the time delay between the Lamb wave and its signature in the ionosphere. Key Points Joint study of oceanic and ionospheric response in New Caledonia‐New Zealand and Chile‐Argentina to the 15 January 2022 volcanic eruption Near‐surface propagating Lamb wave caused a small tsunami in the ocean (air‐sea wave) and unusually strong disturbances in the ionosphere Inversely, the eruption‐generated tsunami showed significant wave heights in the ocean and much smaller response in the ionosphere

Uncorrected long‐wavelength contributions remain a major limitation for interpreting InSAR time‐series over large areas (>100 km). Among them, the ionosphere can impact InSAR measurements across various timescales, potentially biasing secular velocity estimates. We use Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs) to predict ionospheric effects for >15,000 Sentinel‐1 acquisitions in France, Tibet, and Central Andes. We evaluate GIM‐based corrections using phase ramps (planar functions fitted to interferograms) as proxies for long‐wavelength signals, enabling analysis of their temporal evolution. After correcting for solid Earth tides and oceanic tidal loading, GIM‐derived predictions show a strong temporal consistency with observed ramps, effectively capturing seasonal and multi‐year fluctuations with amplitudes of ∼${\\sim} $ 0.2 mm/km. The highest‐resolution GIM also corrects part of the strong daily fluctuations of along‐track ramps observed on ascending tracks over equatorial regions. These corrections reduce ramp rate uncertainty and improve agreement with GNSS, paving the way toward direct InSAR measurement of tectonic plate motion.

Although only centimeters in amplitude over the open ocean, tsunamis can generate appreciable wave amplitudes in the upper atmosphere, including the naturally occurring chemiluminescent airglow layers, due to the exponential decrease in density with altitude. Here, we present the first observation of the airglow tsunami signature, resulting from the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake off the eastern coast of Japan. These images are taken using a wide‐angle camera system located at the top of the Haleakala Volcano on Maui, Hawaii. They are correlated with GPS measurements of the total electron content from Hawaii GPS stations and the Jason‐1 satellite. We find waves propagating in the airglow layer from the direction of the earthquake epicenter with a velocity that matches that of the ocean tsunami. The first ionospheric signature precedes the modeled ocean tsunami generated by the main shock by approximately one hour. These results demonstrate the utility of monitoring the Earth's airglow layers for tsunami detection and early warning. Key Points Coupling of the ocean surface to the upper atmosphere enables tsunami imaging The first ionospheric signature precedes the modeled ocean tsunami by one hour

The precise online reconstruction of the Virgo detector strain h(t) induced by gravitational waves is the main detector output used for astrophysical observations. Its latency is critical for the low-latency alerts generation. Since the start of the O4 run, a new version of the Virgo h(t) reconstruction process in the frequency domain is used and provides an unbiased and noise-mitigated h(t) with frequency-dependent one sigma uncertainties around 2% on modulus and 30 mrad on phase, and with a latency below 10 seconds. In parallel, a time domain h(t) reconstruction is under study to provide at least the same features and performance while improving the latency down to about one second. The principle, main features and results of those two types of h(t) reconstruction, developed within the Virgo calibration team, are presented here.

Key Points Highlights that 9% of 12-year-olds and 18% of 15-year-olds were undergoing orthodontic treatment, most with fixed appliances. Shows that 44% of 12-year-olds and 29% of 15-year-olds expressed a desire for straighter teeth, however over half of this group would not qualify for NHS treatment. Suggests that unmet treatment need was higher in children eligible for free school meals. Background The 2013 Children's Dental Health Survey is the fifth in a series of national surveys. Aims This paper reports the orthodontic condition of 12- and 15-year-olds and how they and their parents feel about the appearance of their teeth. Methodology A representative sample of children (5y, 8y, 12y, 15y) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland were invited to participate in dental examinations. A modified Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used as a measure of orthodontic treatment need for 12- and 15-year-olds. Children and parents were invited to complete a questionnaire about oral health behaviour and attitudes. Results Nine percent of 12-year-olds and 18% of 15-year-olds were undergoing orthodontic treatment at the time of the survey. Forty-four percent of 12-year-olds and 29% of 15-year-olds expressed a desire for straighter teeth, however over half of this group would not qualify for NHS treatment. Unmet treatment need was higher in children eligible for free school meals (P <0.05 at 15y). Conclusions Provision of and demand for orthodontic treatment is increasing, with a significant proportion of children who desire orthodontic care not eligible to receive it. Children from deprived backgrounds have greater unmet orthodontic treatment need.

Key Points The prevalence of caries in children in England Wales and Northern Ireland has continued to decrease over the last decade. Severe caries is increasingly concentrated in a minority of the population. Living in Wales or Northern Ireland, being deprived, not attending for check-ups and drinking sugary drinks four or more times per day all increased the risk of having severe caries. Background The 2013 Children's Dental Health Survey is the fifth in a series of national surveys. Aims To describe caries prevalence and severity and factors affecting these, in children in England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2013. Methodology A representative sample of children (aged 5, 8, 12 and 15 years) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland were invited to participate in dental examinations. Caries was measured at both the dentine ('obvious caries') and dentine plus enamel ('clinical caries') levels and analysis included identifying those with indicators of significant burden of caries and identifying predictive factors. Results In 5-year-olds, 40% had obvious caries experience increasing to 56% when enamel lesions were included. In 15-year-olds, the respective figures were 46% and 63%. Fourteen percent of 5-year-olds and 15% of 15-year-olds had a least one indicator of significant levels of caries and those from deprived backgrounds were more likely to fall into this group. Conclusions Overall, the prevalence of caries in children is continuing to decrease, but the rate is slowing. The level of disease for those with disease is much higher than the average values might suggest and there remain a sizeable minority with a significant burden of caries, associated with deprivation. This complex picture poses significant clinical and public health challenges.

Spatial and temporal population genetic structures of the common sole, Solea solea, were studied in Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea populations, using three polymorphic exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) markers. Results demonstrated significant multilocus differentiation among Eastern Mediterranean and a group composed by Western Mediterranean and Atlantic populations (theta = 0.150, P < 0.001), but also suggested unrecorded genetic differentiation of the Adriatic Sea population. No pattern of isolation-by-distance was recorded across the range covered by sampling, from the Kattegat to the Aegean Sea. Conversely to genetically structured Mediterranean populations, Atlantic populations ranging from Denmark to Portugal could be considered as representative of the same panmictic unit (theta = 0.009, not significant). Results further demonstrated stability of multilocus genetic structure among temporarily replicated cohort samples [0+, 1+, subadults] from several coastal and estuarine locations from Bay of Biscay, excepted for the amylase locus Am2B3-2 at one location (Pertuis d'Antioche). Despite coherence of such observed patterns of multilocus differentiation with previous allozymic surveys in sole, and with patterns generally obtained for other marine fish species, single-locus results from EPICs indicated divergent coalescence schemes supporting a complex response to ecology and history of sole's populations. Results stress the use of nuclear genes such as EPIC markers to investigate population structure, but also historical, demographic, and possibly selective processes in marine fishes. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

BackgroundSingle case series suggested that RTx in AAV complicated by end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is safe and effective for graft and AAV outcome. Limited data are available with respect to predictors of increased risk of AAV relapse following RTx.ObjectivesTo investigate the outcomes of AAV patients who underwent RTx and the factors predictive of subsequent AAV relapse.MethodsPatients with AAV who had undergone RTx for AAV-related ESRD between 1994 and 2013 were identified from 7 RTx centers in the greater Paris area of France. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for demographic and AAV characteristics, pre- and post-RTx immunosuppressive therapy, AAV relapse and overall and graft survival. Episodes of acute rejection and renal AAV relapses were defined from renal graft biopsy findings. Survival and cumulative incidence rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Log rank analyses were used to study the risk of renal AAV relapses associated with factors assessed at the time of RTx (age, AAV and ANCA phenotype, pre-RTx cyclophosphamide [CYC] therapy).ResultsWe analyzed 46 patients (24 males [52%]) with AAV, including 9 (20%) with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 13 (28%) microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and 24 (52%) renal-limited vasculitis (RLV); ANCA specificities were PR3-ANCA in 12 (26%), MPO-ANCA in 29 (63%) and unknown in 5 (11%). Mean (SD) age at RTx was 40.7 (19.7) years; 10 (22%) underwent RTx during childhood (age<18 yr). Forty-two patients (91%) received CYC before RTx. The 10-year cumulative incidence of acute rejection episodes was 38%; 9 (20%) patients returned to dialysis and 3 (7%) underwent a second RTx. After a mean (SD) follow-up of 7.5 (5.2) years, renal AAV relapses were identified in 6 (13%) patients (10-year cumulative renal relapse incidence: 16%). No extra-renal AAV relapse was recorded and 1 (2%) patient died (10-year overall survival rate: 97%). The risk of renal AAV relapses was increased for patients who underwent RTx during childhood (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.7, P=0.01), with detectable ANCA at RTx (HR: 4.4, P=0.008) and in CYC-naive patients (HR: 11.6, P=0.0002) but was not linked with the GPA/MPA vs RLV phenotype (HR: 1.7, P=0.36) and MPO- vs PR3-ANCA specificity (HR: 2.2, P=0.46).ConclusionsThe current outcomes of AAV patients undergoing RTx are favorable. Lack of pre-RTx CYC therapy and detectable ANCA at RTx may predict increased risk of renal AAV relapses. The increased AAV relapses in RTx during childhood may reflect lower adherence to anti-rejection therapy.Disclosure of InterestNone declared

As people are living longer and retaining their teeth into old age, root caries is an increasingly significant problem. A minimally invasive treatment strategy, involving sealing the root caries lesion with an antibacterial resin sealant, could be highly beneficial. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial properties of the primers of two proprietary dentine bonding agents, Clearfil SE Bond (SE; Kuraray Medical, Japan) and Clearfil Protect Bond (PB; Kuraray Medical), which contains the antibacterial monomer methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide. Fifty-two root caries lesions were identified and randomly assigned to a primer. The lesion was cleaned, isolated, sampled with a sharp spoon excavator, a primer applied and a second sample taken. Samples were transported in fastidious anaerobe broth, vortex-dispersed and serial dilutions inoculated onto selective agars. Reduction in colony-forming units (CFU, %) after primer application was calculated for both primers for bacterial growth on each selective agar and compared to a hypothesised mean of 100% (one-sample t test, p < 0.05). No significant differences between primers were seen, indicating efficient bacterial elimination by both materials. Comparing percent reduction between SE and PB for each agar (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05), a significantly greater CFU reduction by PB was seen for streptococci but not other bacteria. More lesions exhibited bacterial growth and several lesions demonstrated marked bacterial growth after treatment with SE compared with PB. Therefore, PB appears to exhibit superior antimicrobial properties, particularly against streptococci. Both primers are highly antibacterial towards root caries bacteria and may therefore be suitable for minimally invasive treatment.

Introduction In order to achieve the educational standards of the General Dental Council, providers of UK dental education programmes are required to demonstrate that feedback from patients is collected and used to inform programme development. Aims To determine areas of undergraduate dental training programmes that patients feel able to comment upon, allowing development of a patient feedback questionnaire. Methods Patients receiving treatment from undergraduate students were recruited to focus groups (n = 5, n = 6) where their experience of receiving student care was explored. Audio transcriptions were analysed for emergent themes. These themes informed the design of a questionnaire which was presented to a further patient focus group (n = 4) for content and face validity testing. Staff (n = 4) and student (n = 8) focus groups discussed its delivery. Results Patients were able to comment upon treatment quality, safety, the student-teacher interaction, and appointment times. An 18-question questionnaire was developed to include free text comments and answers on a visual analogue scale. It was modified following focus groups with patients, staff, and students. Conclusion Patients undergoing student treatment identified aspects of the clinical teaching programme that could be included in a feedback questionnaire. Following a pilot, the questionnaire will form part of the teaching quality assurance process.