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The regio-isomeric distribution of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the triacylglycerols (TAG) of anchovy/sardine fish oil was determined by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis under quantitative conditions. From the measurements of sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak areas it was established that EPA was mainly located in the sn-1,3 positions, whereas DHA primarily occupied the sn-2 position. Reconstituted TAG prepared by Candida antarctica lipase-B (CALB) glycerolysis of the ethyl ester (EE) or the free fatty acid (FFA) forms of anchovy/sardine fish oil, displayed a different pattern: EPA was equally distributed, while DHA was preferentially attached to the sn-1,3 positions. TAG concentrates of varying EPA and DHA molar fractions were prepared by CALB-catalyzed glycerolysis of the corresponding EE and FFA. ¹³C-NMR analysis of the purified products revealed a lack of CALB regioselectivity for EPA and a slight sn-1,3 regioselectivity for DHA. Since this pattern was observed in all cases of this study, it was concluded that the lipase regioselectivity during TAG synthesis is independent of both the acyl donor type (carboxylic acid or ester) and the fatty acid content of the oil substrate.

The regio-isomeric distribution of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cis -5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis -4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the triacylglycerols (TAG) of anchovy/sardine fish oil was determined by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis under quantitative conditions. From the measurements of sn -1,3 and sn -2 carbonyl peak areas it was established that EPA was mainly located in the sn -1,3 positions, whereas DHA primarily occupied the sn -2 position. Reconstituted TAG prepared by Candida antarctica lipase-B (CALB) glycerolysis of the ethyl ester (EE) or the free fatty acid (FFA) forms of anchovy/sardine fish oil, displayed a different pattern: EPA was equally distributed, while DHA was preferentially attached to the sn -1,3 positions. TAG concentrates of varying EPA and DHA molar fractions were prepared by CALB-catalyzed glycerolysis of the corresponding EE and FFA. 13 C-NMR analysis of the purified products revealed a lack of CALB regioselectivity for EPA and a slight sn -1,3 regioselectivity for DHA. Since this pattern was observed in all cases of this study, it was concluded that the lipase regioselectivity during TAG synthesis is independent of both the acyl donor type (carboxylic acid or ester) and the fatty acid content of the oil substrate.

The regio‐isomeric distribution of the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cis ‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis ‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the triacylglycerols (TAG) of anchovy/sardine fish oil was determined by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis under quantitative conditions. From the measurements of sn ‐1,3 and sn ‐2 carbonyl peak areas it was established that EPA was mainly located in the sn ‐1,3 positions, whereas DHA primarily occupied the sn ‐2 position. Reconstituted TAG prepared by Candida antarctica lipase‐B (CALB) glycerolysis of the ethyl ester (EE) or the free fatty acid (FFA) forms of anchovy/sardine fish oil, displayed a different pattern: EPA was equally distributed, while DHA was preferentially attached to the sn ‐1,3 positions. TAG concentrates of varying EPA and DHA molar fractions were prepared by CALB‐catalyzed glycerolysis of the corresponding EE and FFA. 13 C‐NMR analysis of the purified products revealed a lack of CALB regioselectivity for EPA and a slight sn ‐1,3 regioselectivity for DHA. Since this pattern was observed in all cases of this study, it was concluded that the lipase regioselectivity during TAG synthesis is independent of both the acyl donor type (carboxylic acid or ester) and the fatty acid content of the oil substrate.

The regio-isomeric distribution of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the triacylglycerols (TAG) of anchovy/sardine fish oil was determined by ^sup 13^C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis under quantitative conditions. From the measurements of sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak areas it was established that EPA was mainly located in the sn-1,3 positions, whereas DHA primarily occupied the sn-2 position. Reconstituted TAG prepared by Candida antarctica lipase-B (CALB) glycerolysis of the ethyl ester (EE) or the free fatty acid (FFA) forms of anchovy/sardine fish oil, displayed a different pattern: EPA was equally distributed, while DHA was preferentially attached to the sn-1,3 positions. TAG concentrates of varying EPA and DHA molar fractions were prepared by CALB-catalyzed glycerolysis of the corresponding EE and FFA. ^sup 13^C-NMR analysis of the purified products revealed a lack of CALB regioselectivity for EPA and a slight sn-1,3 regioselectivity for DHA. Since this pattern was observed in all cases of this study, it was concluded that the lipase regioselectivity during TAG synthesis is independent of both the acyl donor type (carboxylic acid or ester) and the fatty acid content of the oil substrate. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

To elucidate the pathogenesis of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs), the most common and most severe of congenital brain arteriovenous malformations, we performed an integrated analysis of 310 VOGM proband-family exomes and 336,326 human cerebrovasculature single-cell transcriptomes. We found the Ras suppressor p120 RasGAP ( RASA1 ) harbored a genome-wide significant burden of loss-of-function de novo variants (2042.5-fold, p  = 4.79 x 10 −7 ). Rare, damaging transmitted variants were enriched in Ephrin receptor-B4 ( EPHB4 ) (17.5-fold, p  = 1.22 x 10 −5 ), which cooperates with p120 RasGAP to regulate vascular development. Additional probands had damaging variants in ACVRL1 , NOTCH1 , ITGB1 , and PTPN11 . ACVRL1 variants were also identified in a multi-generational VOGM pedigree. Integrative genomic analysis defined developing endothelial cells as a likely spatio-temporal locus of VOGM pathophysiology. Mice expressing a VOGM-specific EPHB4 kinase-domain missense variant (Phe867Leu) exhibited disrupted developmental angiogenesis and impaired hierarchical development of arterial-capillary-venous networks, but only in the presence of a “second-hit” allele. These results illuminate human arterio-venous development and VOGM pathobiology and have implications for patients and their families. Vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) are severe congenital brain arteriovenous malformations. Here the authors work to elucidate the pathogenesis of VOGMs by performing an integrated analysis of 310 VOGM proband family exomes and 336,326 human cerebrovasculature single-cell transcriptomes to identify mutations of key signaling regulators.