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"Roman, R"
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Energy security, equality and justice
\"This book applies concepts from ethics, justice, and political philosophy to five sets of contemporary energy problems cutting across time, economics, politics, geography, and technology. In doing so, the authors derive two key energy justice principles from modern theories of distributive justice, procedural justice, and cosmopolitan justice. The prohibitive principle states that \"energy systems must be designed and constructed in such a way that they do not unduly interfere with the ability of people to acquire those basic goods to which they are justly entitled.\" The affirmative principle states that \"if any of the basic goods to which people are justly entitled can only be secured by means of energy services, then in that case there is also a derivative entitlement to the energy services.\" In laying out and employing these principles, the book details a long list of current energy injustices ranging from human rights abuses and energy-related civil conflict to energy poverty and pervasive and growing negative externalities. The book illustrates the significance of energy justice by combining the most up-to-date data on global energy security and climate change, including case studies and examples from the electricity supply, transport, and heating and cooking sectors, with appraisals based on centuries of thought about the meaning of justice in social decisions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hebbian learning with elasticity explains how the spontaneous motor tempo affects music performance synchronization
A musician’s spontaneous rate of movement, called spontaneous motor tempo (SMT), can be measured while spontaneously playing a simple melody. Data shows that the SMT influences the musician’s tempo and synchronization. In this study we present a model that captures these phenomena. We review the results from three previously-published studies: solo musical performance with a pacing metronome tempo that is different from the SMT, solo musical performance without a metronome at a tempo that is faster or slower than the SMT, and duet musical performance between musicians with matching or mismatching SMTs. These studies showed, respectively, that the asynchrony between the pacing metronome and the musician’s tempo grew as a function of the difference between the metronome tempo and the musician’s SMT, musicians drifted away from the initial tempo toward the SMT, and the absolute asynchronies were smaller if musicians had matching SMTs. We hypothesize that the SMT constantly acts as a pulling force affecting musical actions at a tempo different from a musician’s SMT. To test our hypothesis, we developed a model consisting of a non-linear oscillator with Hebbian tempo learning and a pulling force to the model’s spontaneous frequency. While the model’s spontaneous frequency emulates the SMT, elastic Hebbian learning allows for frequency learning to match a stimulus’ frequency. To test our hypothesis, we first fit model parameters to match the data in the first of the three studies and asked whether this same model would explain the data the remaining two studies without further tuning. Results showed that the model’s dynamics allowed it to explain all three experiments with the same set of parameters. Our theory offers a dynamical-systems explanation of how an individual’s SMT affects synchronization in realistic music performance settings, and the model also enables predictions about performance settings not yet tested.
Journal Article
Cohesin is positioned in mammalian genomes by transcription, CTCF and Wapl
The distribution of cohesin in the mouse genome depends on CTCF, transcription and the cohesin release factor Wapl.
Cohesin distribution in mammalian genome
Cohesin and CTCF are known to spatially organize mammalian genomes into chromatin loops and topologically associated domains. CTCF binds to specific DNA sequences, but it is unclear how cohesin is recruited to these sites. Here, Jan-Michael Peters and colleagues show that the distribution of cohesin in the mouse genome depends on CTCF, transcription and the cohesin-release factor Wapl. In the absence of CTCF, cohesin accumulates at the transcription start sites of active genes, which are bound by the cohesion-loading complex. In the absence of both CTCF and Wapl, cohesin accumulates at the 3′ end of active genes. The authors propose that cohesin is loaded onto DNA at sites that are distinct from its final binding sites and can be translocated by transcription until it either encounters CTCF bound to DNA or is released by Wapl. A mechanism of transcription-mediated cohesin translocation could allow the extrusion of chromatin loops.
Mammalian genomes are spatially organized by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin into chromatin loops
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and topologically associated domains
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, which have important roles in gene regulation
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and recombination
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. By binding to specific sequences
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, CTCF defines contact points for cohesin-mediated long-range chromosomal
cis
-interactions
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. Cohesin is also present at these sites
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, but has been proposed to be loaded onto DNA elsewhere
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and to extrude chromatin loops until it encounters CTCF bound to DNA
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. How cohesin is recruited to CTCF sites, according to this or other models, is unknown. Here we show that the distribution of cohesin in the mouse genome depends on transcription, CTCF and the cohesin release factor Wings apart-like (Wapl). In CTCF-depleted fibroblasts, cohesin cannot be properly recruited to CTCF sites but instead accumulates at transcription start sites of active genes, where the cohesin-loading complex is located
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. In the absence of both CTCF and Wapl, cohesin accumulates in up to 70 kilobase-long regions at 3′-ends of active genes, in particular if these converge on each other. Changing gene expression modulates the position of these ‘cohesin islands’. These findings indicate that transcription can relocate mammalian cohesin over long distances on DNA, as previously reported for yeast cohesin
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, that this translocation contributes to positioning cohesin at CTCF sites, and that active genes can be freed from cohesin either by transcription-mediated translocation or by Wapl-mediated release.
Journal Article
Dea Senuna : treasure, cult and ritual at Ashwell, Hertfordshire
\"The hoard of Roman-British temple treasure discovered at Ashwell in 2002 has provided fascinating new insight into the ritual of Roman religion both in Roman Britain and the wider Roman world.0First full publication of the Ashwell treasure since its high profile discovery in 2002. Features a detailed, highly illustrated discussion of the beautiful gold and silver votive plaques as well as the figurine of the previously unknown goddess Senuna.\"-- Back cover.
Book
Targeted mutagenesis in Anaplasma marginale to define virulence and vaccine development against bovine anaplasmosis
Tick-borne Anaplasma species are obligate, intracellular, bacterial pathogens that cause important diseases globally in people, agricultural animals, and dogs. Targeted mutagenesis methods are yet to be developed to define genes essential for these pathogens. In addition, vaccines conferring protection against diseases caused by Anaplasma species are not available. Here, we describe a targeted mutagenesis method for deletion of the phage head-to-tail connector protein ( phtcp ) gene in Anaplasma marginale . The mutant did not cause disease and exhibited attenuated growth in its natural host (cattle). We then assessed its ability to confer protection against wild-type A . marginale infection challenge. Additionally, we compared vaccine protection with the mutant to that of whole cell A . marginale inactivated antigens as a vaccine (WCAV) candidate. Upon infection challenge, non-vaccinated control cattle developed severe disease, with an average 57% drop in packed cell volume (PCV) between days 26–31 post infection, an 11% peak in erythrocytic infection, and apparent anisocytosis. Conversely, following challenge, all animals receiving the live mutant did not develop clinical signs or anemia, or erythrocyte infection. In contrast, the WCAV vaccinees developed similar disease as the non-vaccinees following A . marginale infection, though the peak erythrocyte infection reduced to 6% and the PCV dropped 43%. This is the first study describing targeted mutagenesis and its application in determining in vivo virulence and vaccine development for an Anaplasma species pathogen. This study will pave the way for similar research in related Anaplasma pathogens impacting multiple hosts.
Journal Article
الزهد في العالم الإغريقي-الروماني
في هذا الكتاب يقدم ريتشارد فين للمرة الأولى دراسة متكاملة لتقاليد الزهد الرئيسة التي لم تفهم بصورة صحيحة نتيجة تناولها بصورة منفصلة عن بعضها. فالزهد هو التقشف وعدم الالتفات إلى مغريات الحياة، وكذلك السيطرة على النفس، وكبح شهواتها، مع نكران الذات ليصبح الفرد أو الجماعة في علاقة قرب مع المقدس، وتحظى ممارسات الزهد ومثله الثقافية العليا بأهمية عند الوثنيين والمجوس واليهود والمسيحيين بمختلف أطيافها، كما يقدم المؤلف دراسة مفصلة عن كيفية امتناع الناس عن الطعام، والشراب، والعلاقة الجنسية، والنوم، وجمع الثروات، ويرسم الكتاب صورة لظهور الرهبانية في مصر، وآسيا الصغرى، وسوريا، وشمال أفريقيا، مع تقييم للدور المحوري الذي لعبه المفسر اللاهوتي أوريجانوس في القرن الثالث الميلادي، ويطرح تساؤلا عن سبب انتشار الرهبانية بصور متنوعة في مناطق مختلفة ..
Book
Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters
As plastic waste pollutes the oceans and fish stocks decline, unseen below the surface another problem grows: deoxygenation. Breitburg et al. review the evidence for the downward trajectory of oxygen levels in increasing areas of the open ocean and coastal waters. Rising nutrient loads coupled with climate change—each resulting from human activities—are changing ocean biogeochemistry and increasing oxygen consumption. This results in destabilization of sediments and fundamental shifts in the availability of key nutrients. In the short term, some compensatory effects may result in improvements in local fisheries, such as in cases where stocks are squeezed between the surface and elevated oxygen minimum zones. In the longer term, these conditions are unsustainable and may result in ecosystem collapses, which ultimately will cause societal and economic harm. Science , this issue p. eaam7240 Oxygen is fundamental to life. Not only is it essential for the survival of individual animals, but it regulates global cycles of major nutrients and carbon. The oxygen content of the open ocean and coastal waters has been declining for at least the past half-century, largely because of human activities that have increased global temperatures and nutrients discharged to coastal waters. These changes have accelerated consumption of oxygen by microbial respiration, reduced solubility of oxygen in water, and reduced the rate of oxygen resupply from the atmosphere to the ocean interior, with a wide range of biological and ecological consequences. Further research is needed to understand and predict long-term, global- and regional-scale oxygen changes and their effects on marine and estuarine fisheries and ecosystems.
Journal Article
Slappy's tales of horror
A collection of short graphic novels featuring characters from famous \"Goosebumps\" stories includes \"Ghost Beach,\" in which two siblings investigate a local legend and discover a terrible secret about their family.
BOOK
The sensitivity of tropical leaf litter decomposition to temperature: results from a large-scale leaf translocation experiment along an elevation gradient in Peruvian forests
We present the results from a litter translocation experiment along a 2800-m elevation gradient in Peruvian tropical forests. The understanding of the environmental factors controlling litter decomposition is important in the description of the carbon and nutrient cycles of tropical ecosystems, and in predicting their response to long-term increases in temperature. Samples of litter from 15 species were transplanted across all five sites in the study, and decomposition was tracked over 448 d. Species' type had a large influence on the decomposition rate (k), most probably through its influence on leaf quality and morphology. When samples were pooled across species and elevations, soil temperature explained 95% of the variation in the decomposition rate, but no direct relationship was observed with either soil moisture or rainfall. The sensitivity of the decay rate to temperature (𝒦 T ) varied seven-fold across species, between 0.024 and 0.169°C⁻¹, with a mean value of 0.118 ± 0.009°C⁻¹ (SE). This is equivalent to a temperature sensitivity parameter (Q₁₀) for litter decay of 3.06 ± 0.28, higher than that frequently assumed for heterotrophic processes. Our results suggest that the warming of approx. 0.9°C experienced in the region in recent decades may have increased decomposition and nutrient mineralization rates by c. 10%.
Journal Article