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Limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C is becoming increasingly difficult. The study analyzed data from 700 locations (1962–2100) to assess climate change impacts on heating‐cooling energy and carbon footprint in under‐researched Central Asia (CA). Under SSP2‐4.5, icing and frost days reduce, while summer days and tropical nights increase. Central Asian countries will see an increase in cooling needs despite the projected decline in heating demands, with Kyrgyzstan experiencing the highest rise in cooling degree days, projected to increase by 132% and 165% in the near‐future under SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5, respectively. As a result, cooling energy generation is expected to rise by 39% and 92% under SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5, respectively. However, CO2 emissions for cooling are much lower in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan due to their reliance on renewable energy. CO2 emissions in these countries are projected to be ≈10 times lower than in other parts of CA. From 2022 to 2100, cooling‐related emissions are estimated to increase by 41% and 80% under SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5, respectively across CA. Urgent adaptation is needed for resilient cities and stable power by expanding renewables, modernizing infrastructure, boosting efficiency, adopting policies, and fostering cooperation. This study examines climate change impacts on heating‐cooling demand and carbon footprint in Central Asia (CA). As icing and frost days decrease, cooling needs will rise, especially in Kyrgyzstan. However, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan maintain lower CO2 emissions due to renewables. Cooling‐related emissions in CA may rise by 41%–80%, highlighting the need for renewable expansion, infrastructure upgrades, and regional cooperation.

Groundwater resources play a crucial role in supplying water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. In this study ACCESS-CM2, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, and NESM3 were selected for validation from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). In the following, the feedforward neural network was employed to predict monthly groundwater level (GWL) based on the emission scenarios of the sixth IPCC report (SSP2-4.5 and SSp5-8.5) for the next two decades (2021–2040) in the Sari-Neka coastal aquifer near the Caspian Sea, Iran. In this regard, the monthly maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, and water table of previous month from four piezometers from 2000 to 2019 were used as input variables to forecast GWL. The evaluation of the three GCM models demonstrated that the ACCESS-CM2 provided the best values of the R2 and RMSE with observation parameters. The results of r, R2, RMSE, and MAE were evaluated for the model and indicated good performance of the model. The results also illustrated that under such mentioned scenarios, the mean monthly temperature would rise approximately from 0.1–1.2 °C. In addition, the mean monthly precipitation is likely to witness changes from -10% to 78% in the next two decades. As a result, this seems to lead to improvement and recharge of groundwater level for the near future. The results can help managers and policymakers to identify adaptation strategies more precisely for basins with similar climates.

Extreme temperature events, particularly heatwaves, are intensifying due to climate change and urbanization, posing major public health challenges in Central Asia (CA), where research is limited. Despite the rising frequency and severity of heat extremes, long‐term assessments of their health impacts are scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing historical and future heatwave trends and associated health risks using multi‐ensemble climate models across 700 locations from 1959 to 2100. Bias correction improved GCMs, reducing bias and RMSE by 24% and 14%, respectively. Under SSP2–4.5, projected heatwave magnitudes (HWM) shift from 26 to 31 °C, consistent with historical moderate to severe events. Under SSP5–8.5, HWM increases to 29–36 °C. Turkmenistan is expected to experience ultra‐extreme heatwaves in the far future, a pattern not seen in other CA countries. Under SSP2–4.5, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan show the highest rises in heatwave‐related mortality rates, with slopes of 5.432 and 3.021 in the near future, declining to 1.377 and 1.102 in the far future. SSP5–8.5 shows similar but higher estimates, highlighting escalating public health risks. Findings emphasize the urgent need for region‐specific climate policies and public health strategies to mitigate the growing burden of extreme heat in CA. Extreme heatwaves in Central Asia are intensifying due to climate change and urbanization, amplifying public health risks. Using bias‐corrected climate model ensembles across 700 locations (1959–2100), this study projects substantial increases in heatwave magnitude, with Turkmenistan facing ultra‐extreme events under SSP5–8.5. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are identified as hotspots for rising heatwave‐related mortality. These findings highlight the escalating health burden of extreme heat in Central Asia and underscore the urgent need for targeted climate policies and public health strategies.

Extreme temperature events such as heatwaves are becoming increasingly severe and frequent because of climate change, posing significant challenges to public health and energy infrastructure. This study explores the impacts of extreme temperature events leading to heat‐/cold waves on public health and energy consumption in Kazakhstan from 1959 to 2021. The most striking trends in heatwave‐related indices emerge in the western and southwestern regions. Conversely, despite heightened coldwave intensity, a decline is noted in their frequency and number. The impact of heatwaves on various health conditions, notably consistent and statistically significant rises in all‐cause and cardiovascular mortalities, is observed. Shifts in energy demand are also unveiled with a noticeable spike in cooling‐degree days and a reduction in heating‐degree days. The mean total energy consumption stood at 552 kWh across the country with an average annual energy generation of ≈8.76 kWh. To gauge the environmental implications, the mean CO2 emissions are estimated at 464 kg per kWh for both heating and cooling purposes. With climate change set to escalate heatwaves, the need for comprehensive health planning is underscored to mitigate their adverse health impacts. Furthermore, transitioning from fossil fuels to green energy sources is crucial to reduce the environmental footprint. This study examines the effects of extreme temperature events, including heatwaves and cold waves, on public health and energy consumption in Kazakhstan from 1959 to 2021. Findings highlight increased heatwave‐related health risks, particularly in western regions, along with shifts in energy demand. The study underscores the need for health planning and a transition to green energy to address these climate‐related challenges.