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Background Knowledge of risk factors for postoperative urinary retention may guide appropriate and timely urinary catheterization. We aimed to determine independent risk factors for postoperative urinary catheterization in general surgical patients. In addition, we calculated bladder filling rate and assessed the time to spontaneous voiding or catheterization. We used the patients previously determined individual maximum bladder capacity as threshold for urinary catheterization. Methods Risk factors for urinary catheterization were prospectively determined in 936 general surgical patients. Patients were at least 18 years of age and operated under general or spinal anesthesia without the need for an indwelling urinary catheter. Patients measured their maximum bladder capacity preoperatively at home, by voiding in a calibrated bowl after a strong urge that could no longer be ignored. Postoperatively, bladder volumes were assessed hourly with ultrasound. When patients reached their maximum bladder capacity and were unable to void, they were catheterized by the nursing staff. Bladder filling rate and time to catheterization were determined. Results Spinal anesthesia was the main independent modifiable risk factor for urinary catheterization (hyperbaric bupivacaine, relative risk 8.1, articaine RR 3.1). Unmodifiable risk factors were a maximum bladder capacity < 500 mL (RR 6.7), duration of surgery ≥ 60 min (RR 5.5), first scanned bladder volume at the Post Anesthesia Care Unit ≥250mL (RR 2.1), and age ≥ 60 years (RR 2.0). Urine production varied from 100 to 200 mL/h. Catheterization or spontaneous voiding took place approximately 4 h postoperatively. Conclusion Spinal anesthesia, longer surgery time, and older age are the main risk factors for urinary retention catheterization. Awareness of these risk factors, regularly bladder volume scanning (at least every 3 h) and using the individual maximum bladder capacity as volume threshold for urinary catheterization may avoid unnecessary urinary catheterization and will prevent bladder overdistention with the attendant risk of lower urinary tract injury. Trial registration Dutch Central Committee for Human Studies registered trial database : NL 21058.099.07. Current Controlled Trials database : Preventing Bladder Catheterization after an Operation under General or Spinal Anesthesia by Using the Patient’s Own Maximum Bladder Capacity as a Limit for Maximum Bladder Volume. ISRCTN97786497 . Registered 18 July 2011 -Retrospectively registered. The original study started 19 May 2008, and ended 30 April 2009, when the last patient was included.

The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a planned third-generation gravitational-wave detector that includes a low-frequency (LF) and a high-frequency (HF) laser interferometer. Cryogenic operation of ET-LF is imperative for exploiting the full scientific potential of ET, with mirrors operated at temperatures of 10 K to 20 K in order to reduce the thermal noise. Thermal shielding around the optics is essential to support the cooldown process and to decrease the heat load. Additionally in steady-state operation, mechanical vibrations must be kept to an absolute minimum in order to limit noise contributions from scattered light. We present a cooling concept for a thermal shield surrounding the cryogenic optics of ET-LF, which considers rapid cooldown and low vibration in steady-state operation. During cooldown, cooling tubes enable the flow of supercritical helium, driving the shield temperature decrease by forced convection. For steady-state operation, the shield cooling mechanism is converted to static heat conduction in He-II within the same tubes. A first mechanical model is presented that fulfills the thermal and vibrational requirements. Thermal characteristics of the shield are demonstrated by means of analytical and numerical modeling results. Modal and dynamic analyses are performed to obtain natural frequencies and transfer functions.

We report on the opportunities for spin physics and Transverse-Momentum Dependent distribution (TMD) studies at a future multi-purpose fixed-target experiment using the proton or lead ion LHC beams extracted by a bent crystal. The LHC multi-TeV beams allow for the most energetic fixed-target experiments ever performed, opening new domains of particle and nuclear physics and complementing that of collider physics, in particular that of RHIC and the EIC projects. The luminosity achievable with AFTER@LHC using typical targets would surpass that of RHIC by more that 3 orders of magnitude in a similar energy region. In unpolarised proton-proton collisions, AFTER@LHC allows for measurements of TMDs such as the Boer-Mulders quark distributions, the distribution of unpolarised and linearly polarised gluons in unpolarised protons. Using the polarisation of hydrogen and nuclear targets, one can measure transverse single-spin asymmetries of quark and gluon sensitive probes, such as, respectively, Drell-Yan pair and quarkonium production. The fixed-target mode has the advantage to allow for measurements in the target-rapidity region, namely at large x↑ in the polarised nucleon. Overall, this allows for an ambitious spin program which we outline here.

The performance of the most recent prototypes of the ANDA barrel electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) will be compared. The first large scale prototype PROTO60 was designed to test the performance of the improved tapered lead tungstate crystals (PWO-II). The PROTO60 which consists of 6 × 10 crystals was tested at various accelerator facilities over the complete envisaged energy range fulfilling the requirements of the TDR of the ANDA EMC in terms of energy, position and time resolution. To realize the final barrel geometry and to test the final front end electronics, a second prototype PROTO120 has been constructed. It represents a larger section of a barrel slice, containing the most tapered crystals and the close to final components for the ANDA EMC. The performance of both prototypes will be compared with a focus on the analysis procedure including the signal extraction, noise rejection, calibration and the energy resolution. In addition, the influence of the non-uniformity of the crystal on the energy resolution will be discussed.

On Jan 28, 1969, Union Oil Company's Alpha Platform exploded six miles off the coast of southern California. Three million gallons of crude oil escaped into the Pacific Ocean before workers capped the leak eleven days later. Americans across the country watched televised images of thick waves of oil smothering pristine beaches and suffocating seabirds, dolphins, and sea lions. Six months later the Cuyahoga River caught fire in Ohio, providing further visual and visceral evidence of trouble beyond the political assassinations, urban riots, and intractable war in Vietnam that had shaken the nation. When the New York Times reported at the end of 1969 that \"rising concern about the 'environmental crisis' rivaled the Vietnam War as a central issue for college students, its editors put environmental crisis in quotation marks, suggesting that it had become a key phrase in public discourse. In addition to being fueled by oil spills and river fires, this sense of crisis derived from the loss of open space, reports of mercury and pesticides in food sources, and concerns about radioactive fallout. Here, Rosier examines American Indians' perspectives on the \"environmental crisis\" that shook American society in the 1960s and 1970s.

[...] characterized, Indians represented rhe legal and cultural antithesis of the individuals and corporations whose profit seeking was the driving force of an industrializing U.S. economy. [...] desire to control wealth has given Indians and non-Indians rheir most common and powerful reasons to deal with, understand, and characterize each other.

ObjectivesThe study aim was to explore the association of physical and psychosocial stressors (severe injuries, surgeries, recent life events, social support) with one-season onset of symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs) among European professional football referees.MethodsAn observational prospective cohort study over a follow-up period of one season (2015–2016) was conducted among professional football referees from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Scotland and Sweden. Based on physical and psychosocial stressors as well as symptoms of CMD, an electronic questionnaire in English and French was set up and distributed by eight football federations involved.ResultsThe prevalence of symptoms of CMD ranged from 5.9% for distress to 19.2% for eating disorders. A higher number of severe injuries and a lower degree of satisfaction about social support were significantly related to the occurrence of symptoms of CMD with an OR of 2.63 and an OR of 1.10, respectively.ConclusionA higher number of severe injuries and a lower degree on satisfaction about social support were found to be significantly associated with the onset of symptoms of CMD among European professional football referees. Referees suffering from severe injuries were nearly three times more likely to report symptoms of anxiety and depression. Referees who reported a low satisfaction of social support were significantly more likely to report symptoms of eating disorder.

This study was designed to assess the return to work, the poststroke depression and the quality of life after a cerebral infarction in young adults and was conducted on 71 consecutive young patients (aged 15–45 years) affected by a cerebral infarct who were hospitalized for the first time and discharged at least 1 year before the study. Data about risk factors, etiology, side and territory of stroke, social characteristics of the patient (age, sex, profession, educational level, family situation), poststroke seizures, recurrent stroke, other vascular events, and deaths were collected. Neurological deficits were graded with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale. Poststroke depression (PSD) was quantified using the DSM-IIIR criteria and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Outcomes were rated with the Ranking Scale, the Barthel Index and the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Quality of life was assessed with the Sickness Impact Profile. Follow-up information was obtained by interview and neurological examination. Follow-up information was obtained in 65 patients at a mean of 31.7 ± 13.0 (range 12–59) months, as 2 patients died and 4 were lost to follow-up and were thus excluded from this study. Poststroke seizures occurred in 7 patients (10.8%) and recurrent strokes in 4 patients (6.2%), but none were fatal. The outcome after stroke among survivors was usually good, since more than two-thirds of the patients (69.8%) reported no problem, 11.1% moderate handicap and one-fifth major handicap. Forty-six patients (73%) returned to work; the time period ranging from several days after stroke to 40 months, with a mean of 8 months. However, adjustments in their occupation were necessary for 12 patients (26.1%). PSD was common, since 48.3% of the patients were classified as depressed. PSD was associated with the localization of the infarct (carotid territory), a severe disability, a bad general outcome, and an absence of return to work. Their opinion about their quality of life was negative among approximately 30% of the patients, especially in emotional and alertness behaviors, social interaction, recreation and pastimes.The general outcome after cerebral infarct in young adults is usually good. However, the risk of a PSD is high, and only half of the patients had returned to their previous work. A remaining psychosocial handicap and depression of sexual activity impaired the quality of life. In multivariate analysis, a low NIH score at admission is a significant predictor for return to work, the absence of PSD, and a good quality of life.