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"Roth, M."
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Understanding architecture : its elements, history, and meaning
\"This bestselling, illustrated survey of Western architecture is now fully revised throughout, explaining the structure, function, history, and meaning of architecture in a way that is both accessible and engaging. The long-awaited third edition includes increased global coverage with new mini chapters on Africa, Japan, China, India, and Islamic Architecture; a new chapter covering the future of architecture in the twenty-first century; updated coverage of sustainability and green architecture and its impact on design; an update to the historical survey; and over fifty images in full color. Understanding Architecture continues to be the only text in the field to examine architecture as a cultural phenomenon as well as an artistic and technological achievement with its straightforward, two-part structure: (1) The Elements of Architecture and (2) The History and Meaning of Architecture. Comprehensive and clearly written, Understanding Architecture is a classic survey of Western architecture. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sorting out functions of sirtuins in cancer
The sirtuins (SIRT 1–7) comprise a family of NAD
+
-dependent protein-modifying enzymes with activities in lysine deacetylation, adenosinediphospho(ADP)-ribosylation, and/or deacylation. These enzymes are involved in the cell’s stress response systems and in regulating gene expression, DNA damage repair, metabolism and survival. Sirtuins have complex roles in both promoting and/or suppressing tumorigenesis. This review presents recent research progress concerning sirtuins and cancer. On one hand, functional loss of sirtuin genes, particularly
SIRT1
, involved in maintaining genome integrity and DNA repair will promote tumorigenesis because of genomic instability upon their loss. On the other hand, cancer cells tend to require sirtuins for these same processes to allow them to survive, proliferate, repair the otherwise catastrophic genomic events and evolve. The bifurcated roles of SIRT1, and perhaps several other sirtuins, in cancer may be in part a result of the nature of the genes that are involved in the cell’s genome maintenance systems. The in-depth understanding of sirtuin functions may have significant implication in designing precise modulation of selective sirtuin members to aid cancer prevention or treatment under defined conditions.
Journal Article
American architecture : a history
\"More than fifteen years after the success of the first edition, this sweeping introduction to the history of architecture in the United States is now a fully revised guide to the major developments that shaped the environment from the first Americans to the present, from the everyday vernacular to the high style of aspiration. Eleven chronologically organized chapters chart the social, cultural, and political forces that shaped the growth and development of American towns, cities, and suburbs, while providing full description, analysis, and interpretation of buildings and their architects. The second edition features an entirely new chapter detailing the green architecture movement and architectural trends in the 21st century. Further updates include an expanded section on Native American architecture and contemporary design by Native American architects, new discussions on architectural education and training, more examples of women architects and designers, and a thoroughly expanded glossary to help today's readers. The art program is expanded, including 640 black and white images and 62 new color images. Accessible and engaging, American Architecture continues to set the standard as a guide, study, and reference for those seeking to better understand the rich history of architecture in the United States\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Feedback generates a second receptive field in neurons of the visual cortex
Animals sense the environment through pathways that link sensory organs to the brain. In the visual system, these feedforward pathways define the classical feedforward receptive field (ffRF), the area in space in which visual stimuli excite a neuron
1
. The visual system also uses visual context—the visual scene surrounding a stimulus—to predict the content of the stimulus
2
, and accordingly, neurons have been identified that are excited by stimuli outside their ffRF
3
–
8
. However, the mechanisms that generate excitation to stimuli outside the ffRF are unclear. Here we show that feedback projections onto excitatory neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second receptive field that is driven by stimuli outside the ffRF. The stimulation of this feedback receptive field (fbRF) elicits responses that are slower and are delayed in comparison with those resulting from the stimulation of the ffRF. These responses are preferentially reduced by anaesthesia and by silencing higher visual areas. Feedback inputs from higher visual areas have scattered receptive fields relative to their putative targets in the primary visual cortex, which enables the generation of the fbRF. Neurons with fbRFs are located in cortical layers that receive strong feedback projections and are absent in the main input layer, which is consistent with a laminar processing hierarchy. The observation that large, uniform stimuli—which cover both the fbRF and the ffRF—suppress these responses indicates that the fbRF and the ffRF are mutually antagonistic. Whereas somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons are driven by these large stimuli, inhibitory neurons that express parvalbumin and vasoactive intestinal peptide have mutually antagonistic fbRF and ffRF, similar to excitatory neurons. Feedback projections may therefore enable neurons to use context to estimate information that is missing from the ffRF and to report differences in stimulus features across visual space, regardless of whether excitation occurs inside or outside the ffRF. By complementing the ffRF, the fbRF that we identify here could contribute to predictive processing.
Feedback projections onto neurons of the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second excitatory receptive field that is driven by stimuli outside of the classical feedforward receptive field, with responses mediated by higher visual areas.
Journal Article
McKim, Mead & White : selected works, 1879-1915
McKim, Mead & White is the best-known architecture firm of late nineteenth and early twentieth century America, having built many iconic buildings of America's Gilded Age, from Columbia University and Boston Public Library, to mansions for the nineteenth century's wealthiest, including Frederick Vanderbilt, John Jacob Astor, Henry Frick, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie (now the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum), as well as the American Academy in Rome. 'Selected Works of McKim, Mead & White', published in association with the Institute of Classical Architecture & Art, collects the work of these important architects during their most prolific period, condensing four volumes into one magnificent edition.
Book
Effect of Alirocumab, a Monoclonal Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 Antibody, on Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations (a Pooled Analysis of 150 mg Every Two Weeks Dosing from Phase 2 Trials)
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with limited treatment options. This analysis evaluated the effect of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9, alirocumab 150 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W), on Lp(a) levels in pooled data from 3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 studies of 8 or 12 weeks' duration conducted in patients with hypercholesterolemia on background lipid-lowering therapy (NCT01266876, NCT01288469, and NCT01288443). Data were available for 102 of 108 patients who received alirocumab 150 mg Q2W and 74 of 77 patients who received placebo. Alirocumab resulted in a significant reduction in Lp(a) from baseline compared with placebo (−30.3% vs −0.3%, p <0.0001). Median percentage Lp(a) reductions in the alirocumab group were of a similar magnitude across a range of baseline Lp(a) levels, resulting in greater absolute reductions in Lp(a) in patients with higher baseline levels. Regression analysis indicated that <5% of the variance in the reduction of Lp(a) was explained by the effect of alirocumab on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In conclusion, pooled data from 3 phase 2 trials demonstrate substantive reduction in Lp(a) with alirocumab 150 mg Q2W, including patients with baseline Lp(a) >50 mg/dl. Reductions in Lp(a) only weakly correlated with the magnitude of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering.
Journal Article
تحليل وتصميم النظم
يقدم الكتاب أسلوبا مباشرا قائما على المشروعات لتحليل النظم وتصميمها والذي يركز على مجموعة المهارات الأساسية التي يجب أن يمتلكها جميع المحللين وإن القراءة فحسب عن تحليل النظم وتصميمها ليست كافية على الإطلاق، فالطلاب يحتاجون لتطبيق ما تعلموه واكتسبوه من مهارات بشكل عملي وقام مؤلفو هذا الكتاب بتسجيل خلاصة خبراتهم في تطوير النظم وتحليلها بأسلوب لم يستطع غيرهم تقديمه على هذا النحو ويلقي الكتاب الضوء على محتوى جديد مكثف يضم إدارة عمليات العمل وإعادة تصميم عمليات العمل والتطوير المرن والمزيد من الموضوعات ومعالجة أكثر شمولية ودقة لعملية تحديد المتطلبات وتحليل حالات الاستخدام.
Book
Rare-earth-doped biological composites as in vivo shortwave infrared reporters
The extension of
in vivo
optical imaging for disease screening and image-guided surgical interventions requires brightly emitting, tissue-specific materials that optically transmit through living tissue and can be imaged with portable systems that display data in real-time. Recent work suggests that a new window across the short-wavelength infrared region can improve
in vivo
imaging sensitivity over near infrared light. Here we report on the first evidence of multispectral, real-time short-wavelength infrared imaging offering anatomical resolution using brightly emitting rare-earth nanomaterials and demonstrate their applicability toward disease-targeted imaging. Inorganic-protein nanocomposites of rare-earth nanomaterials with human serum albumin facilitated systemic biodistribution of the rare-earth nanomaterials resulting in the increased accumulation and retention in tumour tissue that was visualized by the localized enhancement of infrared signal intensity. Our findings lay the groundwork for a new generation of versatile, biomedical nanomaterials that can advance disease monitoring based on a pioneering infrared imaging technique.
The short-wavelength infrared spectral region is of interest for bio-imaging applications as biological tissue is transparent to such light. Here Naczynski
et al
. fabricate rare-earth-based nanomaterials and demonstrate multispectral, real-time short-wavelength infrared
in-vivo
imaging.
Journal Article
Nanosecond formation of diamond and lonsdaleite by shock compression of graphite
The shock-induced transition from graphite to diamond has been of great scientific and technological interest since the discovery of microscopic diamonds in remnants of explosively driven graphite. Furthermore, shock synthesis of diamond and lonsdaleite, a speculative hexagonal carbon polymorph with unique hardness, is expected to happen during violent meteor impacts. Here, we show unprecedented
in situ
X-ray diffraction measurements of diamond formation on nanosecond timescales by shock compression of pyrolytic as well as polycrystalline graphite to pressures from 19 GPa up to 228 GPa. While we observe the transition to diamond starting at 50 GPa for both pyrolytic and polycrystalline graphite, we also record the direct formation of lonsdaleite above 170 GPa for pyrolytic samples only. Our experiment provides new insights into the processes of the shock-induced transition from graphite to diamond and uniquely resolves the dynamics that explain the main natural occurrence of the lonsdaleite crystal structure being close to meteor impact sites.
Shock synthesis of diamond and even harder carbon polymorphs from graphite is of great interest for science and technology. Here, the authors present unprecedented
in situ
measurements of the structural changes, showing ultrafast formation of diamond and, at higher pressures, evidence for a pure lonsdaleite structure.
Journal Article