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Bovine clinical mastitis is a global problem because it decreases milk quality and quantity. Treatment of bovine clinical mastitis becomes more complicated due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance of the causative pathogen. The purposes of this study were to identify bacteria from clinical mastitis cases and investigate their antimicrobial resistance. Using standard bacterial culture techniques, bacteria were isolated from milk samples of cattle with clinical mastitis. Identification was performed through colony morphology, Gram-staining, and biochemical assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested against seven antimicrobials using disk diffusion method. Identified bacteria included Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes , Pseudomonas sp., and Staphylococcus aureus , among others. Multridrug-resistance bacteria were identified. E. coli was resistant to all tested antimicrobials, E. aerogenes was resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials, particularly beta-lactams and macrolides. Pseudomonas sp. was sensitive only to gentamicin. The S. aureus isolate demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials. The identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria in milk samples from clinical mastitis cases highlights the importance of antimicrobial stewardship.

Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia in 2018. Isolates originated from seven diseased horses on four different farms located in three provinces of Indonesia. Whole genome sequences of these isolates were determined and used for seM typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLS typing (cgMLST). Genomes were also screened for known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes encoding for the recombinant antigens used in the commercial Strangvac® subunit vaccine. All seven S. equi equi isolates from Indonesia belonged to ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 cgSNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster within the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the S. equi equi cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in Strangvac®. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses from this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic against these strains and Strangvac® may also be protective against Indonesian strains.

Objective: Orangutans (Pongo abelii), as endemic primates of Indonesia, are characterized by a predominantly arboreal lifestyle. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and other Gram-negative bacteria are present in the Indigenous flora of many mammals, including orangutans. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of K. pneumonia isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans. Materials and Methods: This study investigated 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans from the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh, Indonesia. Biochemical and molecular identification of K. pneumoniae using the RNA polymerase subunit b gene and detection of virulence-associated genes. In addition, molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes was performed to character¬ize the resistance mechanisms in the isolates. Results: K. pneumonia was detected in 6 out of 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans. The virulence genes mrkD and entB were detected in all (100%) of the isolates, whereas wabG was identified in 83.33% of the strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against K. pneumoniae revealed that three isolates were susceptible to streptomycin (S) and nalidixic acid (NA), while all six isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. One isolate demonstrated intermediate resistance to NA, while the remaining two exhibited intermediate resistance to S. Six isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, indicating multidrug resis¬tance. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the isolates with the following prevalence: blaTEM gene (six isolates; 100%), blaSHV (six isolates; 100%), blaCTX-M gene (four isolates; 66.67%), and tetA gene (four isolates; 66.67%). Conclusion: This study revealed the virulence and resistance profile of K. pneumoniae bacterium isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans, which is essential for formulating effective conservation and healthcare strategies.

The effectiveness of commonly used antibacterial is increasingly challenged by the global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Natural resources, such as plants and insects, offer promising potential as novel antibacterial agents. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of the combined extract of hemolymph-chitosan from cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and extract of bandotan leaves ( Ageratum conyzoides L.), as well as to determine the optimal gel formulation for antibacterial topical application of these ingredients. The methodology included extraction of materials, characterization of cockroach-derived chitosan via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), phytochemical screening of bandotan leaves, formulation of gels with three different ingredient concentrations, and in vitro antibacterial activity testing. FTIR confirmed the characterization of cockroach chitosan. The presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in bandotan leaves was verified through phytochemical analysis. In vitro , antibacterial activity tests showed that all gel formulations displayed moderate antibacterial inhibition properties. This study demonstrates the potential of hemolymph-chitosan derived from cockroaches and extracts from bandotan leaves as effective antibacterial agents. Further research, including optimization of gel formulations and in vivo studies, is recommended to validate and enhance the efficacy of these natural antimicrobials.

Strangles is a highly infectious disease of equines caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi). The objective of this study was to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia using whole genome sequence-based analyses and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Isolates were recovered from seven diseased horses on four farms in three different provinces in 2018. All these S. equi equi isolates were classified as ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 core genome (cg) SNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster in Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in the Strangvac[sup.®] recombinant subunit vaccine. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses referred to in this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic for treatment and Strangvac[sup.®] may also be protective against these strains. Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia in 2018. Isolates originated from seven diseased horses on four different farms located in three provinces of Indonesia. Whole genome sequences of these isolates were determined and used for seM typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLS typing (cgMLST). Genomes were also screened for known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes encoding for the recombinant antigens used in the commercial Strangvac[sup.®] subunit vaccine. All seven S. equi equi isolates from Indonesia belonged to ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 cgSNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster within the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the S. equi equi cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in Strangvac[sup.®]. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses from this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic against these strains and Strangvac[sup.®] may also be protective against Indonesian strains.

Objective: Orangutans (Pongo abelii), as endemic primates of Indonesia, are characterized by a predominantly arboreal lifestyle. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and otherGram-negative bacteria are present in the Indigenous flora of many mammals, including orangutans. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of K. pneumonia isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans. Materials and Methods: This study investigated 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans from the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh, Indonesia. Biochemical and molecular identification of K. pneumoniae usingthe RNA polymerase subunitb gene and detection of virulence-associated genes. In addition, molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes was performed to character-ize the resistance mechanisms in the isolates. Results: K. pneumonia was detected in 6 out of 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans. The virulence genes mrk and entB were detected in all (100%) of the isolates, whereas wabG was identified in 83.33% of the strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against K. pneumoniae revealed that three isolates were susceptible to streptomycin (S) and nalidixic acid (NA), while all six isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. One isolate demonstrated intermediate resistance to NA, while the remaining two exhibited intermediate resistance to S. Six isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, indicating multidrug resistance. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the isolates with the following prevalence: WoTEM gene (six isolates; 100%), blasm (six isolates; 100%), WoCTXMgene (four isolates; 66.67%), and rerA gene (four isolates; 66.67%). Conclusion: This study revealed the virulence and resistance profile of K. pneumoniae bacterium isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans, which is essential forformulating effective conservation and healthcare strategies.