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"Rotman, Deborah L"
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The archaeology of gender in historic America
In this volume, gender roles and relations in Deerfield, Massachusetts, are presented to illustrate the material and spatial expressions of the dominant Anglo-European ideologies (particularly corporate families, republican motherhood, and the cult of domesticity) of each respective time period in historic America.
Book
Separate Spheres?
The latenineteenth and earlytwentiethcentury gender ideology of domesticity sanctioned the separation of public and private spheres, defined as masculine and feminine, respectively. Archaeological and historical evidence from Deerfield, Massachusetts, however, reveals that gendered uses of space were fluid and specifically that women were active agents in the village beyond the domestic sphere. This evidence calls into question the validity of these categories, illustrating how residents of Deerfield integrated public and private spheres.
Journal Article
Domestic Ideals and Lived Realities
Two families—the Moors and the Balls—occupied a 19th-century house on the main street of Deerfield, Massachusetts. Archaeological assemblages associated with each of the households showed disconnects between gender ideals (notably the cult of domesticity for which the architectural style of the house itself is iconic) and the realities of poverty, raising children, and life cycle. In this article, I explore how variations in the materiality and spatiality of gender ideologies were more than simply deviations from middle-class cultural norms. Rather, they represented active negotiation of dominant ideals and the construction of alternate meaningful gender relations and forms of domesticity.
Dos familias, las familias Moor y Ball, ocupaban una casa del siglo XIX en la calle principal de Deerfield, Massachusetts. Los conjuntos arqueológicos asociados a cada uno de los hogares mostraron desconexiones entre los ideales de género (en particular, el culto de la vida doméstica de la que el estilo arquitectónico de la casa es en sí un icono) y las realidades de la pobreza, crianza de los hijos y el ciclo de vida. En este artículo, exploro cómo las variaciones en la materialidad y la espacialidad de las ideologías de género eran más que simples desviaciones de las normas culturales de la clase media. Más bien, representaban la negociación activa de ideales dominantes y la construcción de relaciones de género y formas de domesticidad significativas y alternativas.
Deux familles, les Moors et les Balls, vivaient dans une maison du 19e siècle de la rue principale de Deerfield au Massachusetts. Des assemblages archéologiques associés à chacun des ménages soulèvent des écarts entre les idéaux stylistiques (notamment le culte de la domesticité, pour lequel le style architectural de la maison même est emblématique) et les réalités de la pauvreté, des enfants à élever et du cycle de vie. Dans le présent article, j’explore la façon dont les écarts observés dans la matérialité et la spatialité des idéologies stylistiques faisaient plus que s’écarter des normes culturelles de la classe moyenne. Ils représentaient plutôt un processus de négociation active des idéaux dominants et de construction d’autres relations stylistiques et formes significatives de la domesticité.
Journal Article
The archaeology of institutional life
Institutions pervade social life. They express community goals and values by defining the limits of socially acceptable behavior. Institutions are often vested with the resources, authority, and power to enforce the orthodoxy of their time. But institutions are also arenas in which both orthodoxies and authority can be contested. Between power and opposition lies the individual experience of the institutionalized. Whether in a boarding school, hospital, prison, almshouse, commune, or asylum, their experiences can reflect the positive impact of an institution or its greatest failings. This interplay of orthodoxy, authority, opposition, and individual experience are all expressed in the materiality of institutions and are eminently subject to archaeological investigation. A few archaeological and historical publications, in widely scattered venues, have examined individual institutional sites. Each work focused on the development of a specific establishment within its narrowly defined historical context; e.g., a fort and its role in a particular war, a schoolhouse viewed in terms of the educational history of its region, an asylum or prison seen as an expression of the prevailing attitudes toward the mentally ill and sociopaths. In contrast, this volume brings together twelve contributors whose research on a broad range of social institutions taken in tandem now illuminates the experience of these institutions. Rather than a culmination of research on institutions, it is a landmark work that will instigate vigorous and wide-ranging discussions on institutions in Western life, and the power of material culture to both enforce and negate cultural norms.
eBook
Irish-Catholic Immigrant Life In South Bend, Indiana: Refined Earthenwares and the 19th-Century Social Worlds of the Midwest
When Father Edward Sorin established the University of Notre Dame in the 1840s, he sought Catholic laborers to assist him in the enterprise. He purchased land south of campus and created a residential neighborhood for Catholic immigrants, many of whom were Irish displaced by an Gorta Mór the Great Hunger. An archaeological field school in 2007 investigated the homelots that comprised this residential enclave. Analyses of the refined earthenwares from the Fogarty family were coupled with other historical and material evidence to elucidate the ways in which Irish-Catholic families negotiated the complex cultural landscapes of their new city.
Journal Article
Newlyweds, Young Families, and Spinsters: A Consideration of Developmental Cycle in Historical Archaeologies of Gender
The social relations of class, gender, and ethnicity affected individuals and families in the nineteenth century and shaped (as well as were shaped by) uses of the material world. Changes in demographic composition of the household, successions in land ownership, and other events that altered the developmental course of the family unit, however, were also significant. Variations in the material and spatial expressions of gender ideologies, for example, were more than simply deviations from middle-class cultural norms. They represented the active negotiation of dominant ideologies and the construction of alternate meaningful gender relations and forms of domesticity.
Journal Article
Public Displays and Private Tasks: Nineteenth-Century Landscape Utilization and Social Relationships at the Morris-Butler House, Indianapolis, Indiana
The Morris-Butler House (12MA768) in Indianapolis was constructed during the mid-nineteenth century, by which time the ideals of the cult of domesticity had been firmly codified. Decades before, beginning in the 1820s, domesticity emerged as a powerful ideological force in eastern North America. Largely a phenomenon of the white urban middle class, this ideal sanctioned the separation of public and private spaces within homes and yards, which were also defined as masculine and feminine, respectively. As the urban dwelling of a white middle class family, it was expected that spaces within the house and yard at the Morris-Butler house would express these idealized dichotomies. The architectural, documentary, archaeological, and oral history data from the site, however, illustrate that public and private spaces were not solely masculine and feminine. Rather, the landscape was a dynamic entity shaped not only by gender, but also class and ethnicity; varying according to the type of social interaction occurring within it. Importantly, gender was given primacy in shaping social relations in private interior contexts only, whereas uses of public space and private exterior landscapes were influenced largely by class and ethnicity.
Journal Article
Urban Archaeology at the Site of the Argosy Casino: The Materiality of Social Change in the Canal Town of Lawrenceburg, Southern Indiana
Lawrenceburg was a dynamic community in southern Indiana during the 19th century. Via the Ohio River and Whitewater Canal, this planned urban center was poised to take advantage of emerging financial opportunities related to commercial activities. As the canal failed, Lawrenceburg was unable to compete with larger metropolitan centers like nearby Cincinnati. This paper examines the material record of three home lots in one of this community's neighborhoods as changes in transportation infrastructure altered the physical and cultural landscape over time. This once-vibrant urban neighborhood evolved into a marginal residential enclave, altering social relations of class and ethnicity.
Journal Article
The Fighting Irish: Historical Archaeology of Nineteenth-Century Catholic Immigrant Experiences in South Bend, Indiana
Father Edward Sorin purchased land south of the University of Notre Dame in north central Indiana in the 1850s and created a residential neighborhood for Catholic immigrants, many of whom were Irish. The university's 2007 archaeological field school began investigating the homelots that comprised this immigrant enclave, known as Sorinsville. Specifically, this study seeks to understand how affiliation with the university shaped use of the spatial and material worlds of late-19th- and early-20th-century Irish immigrants to the city. The archaeological and historical evidence from South Bend illuminates a complex picture that suggests Irish immigrants experienced both alienation from, and incorporation into their new social and cultural milieus. For the immigrants south of Notre Dame's campus, being Catholic was as important to their identities and lived experiences as being Irish.
Journal Article
Curiosities and Conundrums: Deciphering Social Relations and the Material World at the Ben Schroeder Saddletree Factory and Residence in Madison, Indiana
As a locus of hand-craft production during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ben Schroeder Saddletree Factory and Residence began as a single structure and evolved into an eclectic arrangement of industrial and domestic buildings. At first glance, the site and its residents appear to be aberrations, \"exceptions to the rule,\" perhaps even cautionary tales in historical archaeology. Upon closer inspection, however, it does not appear that this site is remarkably different from other loci of specialty production from this era. The Schroeder family, along with the documentary and material records that are their legacy, are a lens through which to view social relations at specialty production firms and the use of the material world by factory owners, particularly during times of major economic crisis.
Journal Article