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Chlorophyll- (Chl- ) concentration is an important issue in ocean ecosystem management and research. This study investigates seasonal and annual variability in Chl- and its relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) and river discharge in the shelf region of the Northern Bay of Bengal (BoB), as well as validates satellite data against in-situ data. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite data on Chl- concentration and SST from 2002–2018 were used in this study. River discharge data were obtained from the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). The annual Chl- concentration ranged from 2.08 to 2.94 mg m , with an average of 2.43 ± 0.24 mg m . The Chl- concentration was found higher (2.21 ± 0.56 mg m ) during the northeast monsoon (October–February) and lower (1.81 ± 1.14 mg m ) during the pre-monsoon season (March–May). The study revealed a declining trend in Chl- concentration from 2002 to 2018, and the rate of change was −0.0183 mg m year . Chl- concentration showed a weak inverse relationship with SST, both annually and seasonally, especially in the pre-monsoon season. River discharge masked the effect of SST on Chl- variability during the southwest and northeast monsoon. A reasonable correlation ( = 0.78) was found between the MODIS-Aqua data and in-situ Chl- observations.

This study explores the factors affecting self-reported occupational health problems among improved traditional shrimp farmers in Southwestern Bangladesh. Data was collected from 270 farmers in the districts of Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat using a structured questionnaire. According to stepwise and hierarchical logistic regression analyses, health problem reporting was associated with district of residence, education level, training, self-rated health, and occupational health awareness. Health problems were more frequently reported among farmers in Satkhira (aOR = 4.41, 95% CI: 2.06–9.75, p  < 0.001) and Khulna (aOR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.47–6.39, p  < 0.01) than in Bagerhat. Poor self-rated health (aOR = 25.46, p  < 0.001) and those with less than secondary education (aOR = 16.72, p  < 0.01) were associated with reported issues. Knowledge of occupational safety measures significantly increased the probability of reporting health problems (aOR = 87.13, p  < 0.001); trained farmers reported higher health difficulties most likely due to increased awareness (aOR = 0.13 for untrained farmers, p  < 0.001). Environmental hazards and incorrect chemical handling continue even with hygienic procedures and personal protection equipment (PPE) laws usually embraced (99.26% of individuals used masks and gloves, for example). These results underscore the need for education-sensitive, locally directed health-safety efforts and imply that more accurate health reporting could follow from better awareness.

Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and its correlation with different parameters are one of the major indicators to understand marine ecosystems. This study was conducted to explore the seasonal and spatial variability of Chl-a at three different stations (onshore, midshore, and offshore) across the maritime boundary of Bangladesh in the northern BoB with its response to the surface current speed and recent ENSO (El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation) events by using satellite data. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aqua satellite level-3 data of Chl-a was used in this study. Ocean currents datasets were obtained from the Asia-Pacific Data Research Center (APDRC) live access service, LAS8.6.13 of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), whereas the SST anomalies dataset was collected from NOAA Climate Prediction Center. This study revealed that the onshore region showed the highest (1.121 mgm-3) abundance of Chl-a, whereas the offshore region showed the lowest (0.136 mgm-3). The offshore and midshore regions showed a homogenous distribution of Chl-a, whereas the observed trend of seasonal fluctuation was southwest monsoon > postmonsoon > northeast monsoon > premonsoon. There is a seasonal variation in the relationship between Chl-a and surface current speed, with moderate correlations during northeast (Dec-Feb) and premonsoon (Mar-May). The effect of ENSO on Chl-a was observed as insignificant (P>0.05) in the northern BoB. However, Chl-a variability in response to ENSO events across the northern region of BoB requires more investigation.

Rouf, M.A. and Nakaza, E., 2014. Seasonal behavior of the internal tide and associated water temperature in Genka Bay, Okinawa, Japan. Sustainability of coastal aquatic resources is deeply associated with several hydrophysical processes, where internal tide is one of the key processes. Seasonal variation in the characteristics of the internal tidal currents and their associated change in water temperature was observed to take part in managing the coastal aquatic systems in Genka Bay, Okinawa, Japan. Profiling and mooring measurements were carried out in three sites of the study area during summer and winter. The study results show that the depth-averaged current flows nearly parallel to the coastline during summer and winter. There is also an existence of a cross-shore internal tidal current according to the vertical structure of the horizontal current in both seasons. This current influences the bottom water temperature transmission from offshore to nearshore bottom water and changes the vertical temperature profile even of nearshore regions and thereby establishes a unique cooling system. This influence is stronger in summer than in winter due to the seasonal variations in the intensity of the propagated internal tidal currents. Spectra of the baroclinic and bottom water temperature confirm the existence of the semidiurnal constituent-dominated internal tides as well as their seasonal and shoreward variations in Genka Bay.

This study aims to explore the variation of Chlorophyll- a (Chl- a ), particulate organic carbon (POC) and sea surface temperature (SST) before (pre-cyclone) and after (post-cyclone) the cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite level-3 data were used to assess the variability of the mentioned parameters. Chl- a concentration was observed to be significantly ( t = −3.16, df ≈ 18.03, p = 0.005) high (peak 2.30 mg/m 3 ) during the post-cyclone period compared to the pre-cyclone (0.19 mg/m 3 ). Similarly, POC concentration was significantly ( t = 3.41, df ≈ 18.06, p = 0.003) high (peak 464 mg/m 3 ) during the post-cyclone compared to the pre-cyclone (59.40 mg/m 3 ). Comparatively, high SST was observed during the pre-cyclone period and decreases drastically with a significant difference ( t = 14, df = 33, p = 1.951e-15) after the post-cyclone period. The results indicated an increase in Chl- a (502%) and POC (240%) with a positive anomaly of 0.55 and 94.11 mg/m 3 , but a decrease in SST (8.52%) with a negative anomaly of 2.7°C in the BoB.

This study examined daytime and nighttime sea surface temperature (SST) and its diurnal variability (D-SST) in three regions of the northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) during 2000–2019 by using MODIS Terra satellite data. An increasing trend of SST was observed in the Bangladesh coast, outer coast, and offshore. The trend was ranged around 0.10–0.16 °C per decade during daytime and 0.18–0.27 °C per decade during nighttime. The increased SST in the study area may be attributed due to rapid industrialization and global warming. Monthly SST represented four successive phases, such as warming-cooling and warming-cooling, which started in February. Month wise SST concentrations varied from 29.74 °C to 23.32 °C during nighttime and 29.613 °C to 23.446 °C during daytime in the northern BoB. The comparative SST among three different stations showed that annual offshore SST was higher during daytime and lower during nighttime than the outer & Bangladesh coast. Annual daytime maximum and minimum SST were observed at 28.45 °C and 27.27 °C, respectively. During the nighttime, it was ranged from 28.33 °C to 27.05 °C. The presence of nearby landmass may be the factor behind the variation of SST during day and nighttime. About 65–80% of monthly D-SST and 70–80% of annual D-SST value was recorded below 0.3 °C in our study area. A significantly ( p  < 0.001) moderate correlation ( r  = 0.54) was found between the MODIS Terra satellite data and NODC in-situ  data.

Climate change particularly global warming unceasingly imposes a selective pressure in many organisms that results in phenotypic plasticity particularly by expressing different adaptive phenotypes to shifting environmental conditions. The present study was, therefore, conducted to explore the phenotypic responses of male guppy (.Poecilia reticulata), a popular model fish, to an ambient (28±0.91°C), high (32±0.12°C) and low (22±0.17°C) rearing temperature. Almost equal sized juvenile males were collected from the wild and reared up to 30 days maintaining necessary conditions similar among treatments except the water temperature. The findings revealed that high-temperature reared fish had significantly lower number of courtships, reduced survival, decreased body size, deformed body shape, limited colour patterns and reduced sperm bundle number than the ambient- and low-temperature groups. On the other hand, low-treatment males performed significantly higher number of courtships than ambient-temperature group, while ambient-temperature reared males possessed significantly higher body size and iridescent colour area than low- temperature treatment. Interestingly, the findings also revealed some trade-offs between traits under thermal-induced stressed conditions (i.e. both high and low temperatures). These findings elicit further information about the thermal condition dependent expression of phenotypic traits of fishes which infer about how fish species will adapt in the predicted changing aquatic environments because of unprecedented climate change.

This study examines the relationship between integrated reporting quality (IRQ) disclosures, corporate governance quality (CGQ), and the implied cost of equity capital (ICC) in developed markets, focusing on Australia and New Zealand. The increasing adoption of integrated reporting and its potential implications for firms’ ICC motivates this research. Moreover, the study highlights the role of IRQ in mitigating information asymmetry between firms and investors, emphasizing the need for high-quality disclosures. Using a quantitative approach with panel data analysis, the research analyzes a sample of the top 174 companies by Standard and Poor’s market capitalization in Australia and New Zealand from 2018 to 2022, encompassing 870 observations post-IRQ implementation. Statistical methods, including fixed-effects, IV2SLS, two-step system-GMM, pooled OLS, and medium quantile regression, were applied to ensure robust findings. The results reveal a significant negative relationship between IRQ disclosure and ICC, with CGQ playing a moderating role in strengthening this association. Consistent with agency theory, the findings suggest that to reduce information asymmetry, firms issue more information which allows to reduce the cost of capital. Therefore, a more comprehensive firms’ reporting, including information about their strategy and risks, increases investors’ confidence, hence it may reduce the cost of capital. This study provides valuable insights for regulators and policymakers by emphasizing the importance of integrated reporting frameworks and robust corporate governance practices to promote transparency, reduce information asymmetry, and optimize capital allocation efficiency in developed markets.

The use of quality seeds is crucial to improve rice yield, food security, and farmers’ livelihoods. The large informal seed system, limited access to quality seeds, and low seed replacement rate challenge increasing rice yield. Despite robust government initiatives to support the seed system, progress has been slow. Besides, the need for farmers’ behavioural change, enhanced coordination, and communication at the local level has not received adequate attention. We investigate rice farmers’ preferences for quality seed, packet sizes, types, and sources, and assess the impact of utilizing good quality seed. We collected quantitative data from 1196 rice farmers in northern Bangladesh in 2019. To identify major factors influencing farmers’ preferences regarding quality seed, packet sizes, packet types, and seed sources, we employed ordered logit and multinomial logit models. Additionally, we used the propensity score matching procedure to assess the impact of good quality and formal seed sources on the rice yield. The findings revealed that farmers strongly prefer using seeds from formal sources despite limited accessibility. Of the total farmers, 34% use public source seeds, 33% use private source seeds, and the rest rely on their own saved seeds. The use of good quality seeds increased rice yields from the base yield by 0.07–0.28 t/ha. We found about a 48% gap in accessing good-quality seeds, indicating significant potential for scaling up the seed systems. Farmers using formal seed sources yielded 0.03–0.15 t/ha more than informal seed users. Farmers strongly prefer 5 kg packets due to their cost-effectiveness, easy storage, and handling convenience. Additionally, farmers prefer polycoated jute sacks for their versatility, multi-purpose applications, and resistance to pests. The econometric model results showed that farmers’ preferences were significantly influenced by gender, farm type, crop yield, seed price, market distance, various stakeholders’ advice, and seed supply systems’ constraints. The government should implement policies and programs to strengthen a well-connected seed network in rural areas, promoting inclusivity, and enhancing rice productivity. Besides, farmers’ needs and preferences should be considered in designing and implementing seed-related initiatives to foster sustainable agricultural development.

The adoption of newly released rice varieties in Bangladesh remains slow, particularly in coastal ecosystems, where multiple stressors reduce productivity. Limited knowledge transfer on climate‐resilient varieties has led farmers to favor traditional cultivars over newer ones. Head‐to‐Head Adaptive Trials (HHATs) were introduced to promote the dissemination of improved varieties, but their effectiveness has not been fully assessed. This study evaluates farmers' trait preferences, varietal selection criteria, adoption patterns, key determinants, and the impact of HHATs on varietal adoption in coastal Bangladesh. HHATs were conducted in 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, with data collected from April to June 2023. Using purposive sampling, 50 participant farmers were selected, while 150 neighboring farmers were systematically sampled based on geographic proximity. Findings indicate that yield, taste, and resilience to salinity and drought were the most important traits influencing varietal selection. While farmers valued the superior grain quality and resilience of newer varieties, concerns over yield consistency and climate adaptability led many to continue adopting older varieties. HHATs created spillover effects, encouraging broader adoption among neighboring farmers. Education, farming as a primary occupation, income, commercial farming, extension services, training, social networks, seed access, grain quality, varietal resilience, and market price significantly influenced adoption, while age, low soil fertility, high input costs, and large landholdings were barriers. Propensity score matching analysis confirmed that HHATs increased adoption rates by 11.25%–17.71%, though limited seed distribution hindered widespread adoption. The study highlights the need for targeted policy measures to enhance seed access, extension services, and farmer support to scale up the adoption of climate‐resilient rice varieties.