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The Editors: Primary teachers certainly can take a bow after reading your editorial in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution of Nov. 12, in regard to lack of reading and writing abilities among graduates. According to the editorial, this situation is a \"reflection on primary education.\"

I am the mother of a child attending one of the schools which has been teacher raided as a result of bungling administration, and my child will be one of those who will either attend half day or who will be in a class where the teacher must teach two grades.

Boston.--Rev. G. B. Titus presided. The Scriptures were read, and prayer was offered by Rev. E. P. Burtt. The subject for the day was, \"The appeal of the Higher Critics to the Common People,\" discussed by Prof. J. B. Thomas, D. D., of Newton Theological Institution. These critics press their claims upon the people at large, including the children.

Boston--Rev. E. Y. Mullins presided. Prayer was offered by Dr. H. C. Graves. The subject for the occasion was \"The International System of Sunday School Lessons,\" presented in a vigorous address by Rev. C. H. Spalding, who spoke of the system as so deeply rooted that it cannot be uprooted without great harm, it having come to stay in some form.

Boston.--Dr. G. B. Vosburgh presided. Prayer was offered by Rev. E. S. Wheeler and Dr. J. C. Foster. It was the last meeting at which Dr. Vosburgh will be present, as he is about to leave for Denver to begin the pastorate of the First Church. In his closing address he spoke of a proper conception of Christ as a person, and of our personal relations to Him.

The derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) over a decade ago sparked widespread enthusiasm for the development of new models of human disease, enhanced platforms for drug discovery and more widespread use of autologous cell-based therapy. Early studies using directed differentiation of iPSCs frequently uncovered cell-level phenotypes in monogenic diseases, but translation to tissue-level and organ-level diseases has required development of more complex, 3D, multicellular systems. Organoids and human–rodent chimaeras more accurately mirror the diverse cellular ecosystems of complex tissues and are being applied to iPSC disease models to recapitulate the pathobiology of a broad spectrum of human maladies, including infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancer.Enthusiasm for patient-specific therapies based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has risen in parallel with rapid advances in genome editing. This Review summarizes the progress in iPSC-based disease modelling over the past decade, with a focus on 3D organoid systems and chimeric models being exploited for new therapeutic approaches.

Most of the world's crops depend on pollinators, so declines in both managed and wild bees raise concerns about food security. However, the degree to which insect pollination is actually limiting current crop production is poorly understood, as is the role of wild species (as opposed to managed honeybees) in pollinating crops, particularly in intensive production areas. We established a nationwide study to assess the extent of pollinator limitation in seven crops at 131 locations situated across major crop-producing areas of the USA. We found that five out of seven crops showed evidence of pollinator limitation. Wild bees and honeybees provided comparable amounts of pollination for most crops, even in agriculturally intensive regions. We estimated the nationwide annual production value of wild pollinators to the seven crops we studied at over $1.5 billion; the value of wild bee pollination of all pollinator-dependent crops would be much greater. Our findings show that pollinator declines could translate directly into decreased yields or production for most of the crops studied, and that wild species contribute substantially to pollination of most study crops in major crop-producing regions.

Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself, however, can signal damage and thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses, although valuable for preying on venomous species, is rare, likely because it comes with the risk of reduced response to tissue damage. Bark scorpions capitalize on the protective pain pathway of predators by inflicting intensely painful stings. However, grasshopper mice regularly attack and consume bark scorpions, grooming only briefly when stung. Bark scorpion venom induces pain in many mammals (house mice, rats, humans) by activating the voltage-gated Na⁺ channel Nav1.7, but has no effect on Nav1.8. Grasshopper mice Nav1.8 has amino acid variants that bind bark scorpion toxins and inhibit Na⁺ currents, blocking action potential propagation and inducing analgesia. Thus, grasshopper mice have solved the predator-pain problem by using a toxin bound to a nontarget channel to block transmission of the pain signals the venom itself is initiating.