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Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a cutaneous sequel of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar and has become an entity of epidemiological significance by virtue of its ability to maintain the disease in circulation during inter-epidemic periods. PKDL has been identified as one of the epidemiological marker of \"kala-azar elimination programme.\" Data obtained in 2018 showed PKDL distribution primarily concentrated in 6 countries, which includes India, Sudan, south Sudan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Nepal in decreasing order of case-burden. In India, PKDL cases are mainly found in 54 districts, of which 33 are in Bihar, 11 in West Bengal, 4 in Jharkhand, and 6 in Uttar Pradesh. In West Bengal the districts reporting cases of PKDL cases include Darjeeling, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, and Murshidabad. The vulnerability on the young age is documented in various studies. The studies also highlights a male predominance of the disease but recent active surveillance suggested that macular form of PKDL shows female-predominance. It is recommended that along with passive case detection, active survey helps in early identification of cases, thus reducing disease transmission in the community. The Accelerated plan for Kala-azar elimination in 2017 introduced by Government of India with the goal to eliminate Kala-azar as a public health problem, targets to reduceing annual incidence <1/10,000. Leishmania donovani is the established causative agent, but others like L. tropica or L. infantum may occasionally lead to the disease, especially with HIV-co-infection. Dermal tropism of the parasite has been attributed to overexpression of parasite surface receptors (like gp 63, gp46). Various host factors are also identified to contribute to the development of the disease, including high pretreatment IL 10 and parasite level, inadequate dose and duration of treatment, malnutrition, immuno-suppression, decreased interferon-gamma receptor 1 gene, etc. PKDL is mostly concentrated in the plains below an altitude of 600 mts which is attributed to the environment conducive for the vector sand fly (Phlebotumus). Risk factors are also linked to the habitat of the sand fly. Keeping these things in mind \"Integrated vector control\" is adopted under National vector borne disease control programme as one of the strategies to bring down the disease burden.

Midline vascular abdominal wall lesions are likely to be mistaken for vascular malformations in young children. We report a case of large yolk sac tumor located in the anterior abdominal wall just below xiphisternum in a 20-month-old girl diagnosed by raised serum alpha fetoprotein levels and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Preoperative chemotherapy helped in reducing its size allowing wide resection and primary wound closure. This case is reported for the unusual location and role of chemotherapy in management.

\"Understanding global research on trade policies and the empowerment of resource-poor farmers in developing nations is essential for guiding equitable agricultural development. This research employs Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to quantitatively map publication trends, co-authorship communities, institutional research output, and thematic development in 246 peer-reviewed documents indexed in Scopus from 2000 to 2025. To determine patterns of collaboration as well as key research areas of focus, the approach entailed partitioning and analyzing bibliographic data through elaborate search queries, data cleansing, and advanced visualisation. The results shows a remarkable rise in research productivity in the midst of global shocks like the 2008 food crisis and COVID-19, with theme concepts centered on sustainable development, international trade, and food security. Although South Asian, sub-Saharan African, and marginal smallholder views are underrepresented, the discipline remains dominated by Global North authors and organizations. Also, thematic gaps remain in the regions of digital agriculture, grassroots empowerment, gender equity, and cooperative strategies. The analysis points toward the need for further research that is South-South oriented, multidisciplinary, and context-sensitive. In further developing more extensive and effective trade policies, subsequent research must prioritize integrative approaches that actually enable resilience and empowerment for vulnerable farming groups across developing nations.

Alloys, specifically steel, are considered as the workhorse of our society and are inimitable engineering materials in the field of infrastructure, industry and possesses significant applications in our daily life. However, creating a robust synthetic metallic surface that repels various liquids has remained extremely challenging. The wettability of a solid surface is known to be governed by its geometric nano-/micro structure and the chemical composition. Here, we are demonstrating a facile and economical way to generate copper oxide micro-nano structures with spherical (0D), needle (1D) and hierarchical cauliflower (3D) morphologies on galvanized steel substrates using a simple chemical bath deposition method. These nano/micro textured steel surfaces, on subsequent coating of a low surface energy material display excellent superhydrophobic, superoleophobic and slippery behavior. Polydimethylsiloxane coated textured surfaces illustrate superhydrophobicity with water contact angle about 160°(2) and critical sliding angle ~2°. When functionalized with low-surface energy perfluoroalkylsilane, these surfaces display high repellency for low surface tension oils as well as hydrocarbons. Among them, the hierarchical cauliflower morphology exhibits re-entrant structure thereby showing the best superoleophobicity with contact angle 149° for dodecane. Once infused with a lubricant like silicone oil, they show excellent slippery behavior with low contact angle hysteresis (~ 2°) for water drops.

In this paper introduced a wearable wideband rectangular microstrip patch antenna, fabrication and measurement of different parameters of designed antenna. The textile cotton material was used as substrate in the designed antenna. Here the very thin layered copper material sheet was selected as a ground plates and radiating elements. The conductive copper sheet was mounted on the textile materials by synthetic adhesive. We designed a ring antenna based on ring resonator techniques and measured the dielectric constant of the textile substrate material. The variation result of the proposed antenna with variation of thickness of the textile substrate has been investigated. For performance characteristics, three textile antenna with different substrate as wool, jeans and corduroy material are used.

In this letter, we report the fabrication of robust and mechanically tunable superhydrophobic surfaces based on elastic wrinkles having bi-modal distribution of roughness. Contrary to most superhydrophobic surfaces, where different nano- and/or micro-scale materials are used to create hierarchical roughness, we create them in the same material as of the substrate. Primary roughness is due to the micron-sized one-dimensional wrinkles while a nanoscale secondary roughness is created on top of the wrinkles using replica molding through a nano-master. Due to the elastic nature of the underneath polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the fabricated superhydrophobic wrinkles demonstrate mechanically tunable wetting behavior between superhydrophobic and hydrophobic states. Water drops depict sticky superhydrophobic behavior on the fabricated samples as they show the Cassie impregnated state corresponding to the Petal effect.

There is paucity of studies at community level on prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among under 18 years age group. This cross-sectional community-based research aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal worm infections and its associated risk factors among 1 to 18 years age group in Puducherry, India. Sociodemographic, behavioral and other associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. One stool sample was collected from each participant and examined using direct (saline/iodine wet mount) and concentration (floatation/sedimentation) microscopic techniques . Log binomial regression analysis was used to find the factors independently associated with intestinal parasitic infection. Of 187 participants who provided the stool sample, 25 (13.4%) had at least one of the parasitic infections and among them 12 (6.4%) had Soil Transmitted Helminth infection (STH) and 13 (6.9%) had intestinal protozoan parasites. Parasitic infection is marginally higher among 1 to 7 years age group (14.4%) compared to 8 to 18 years age group (12.1%). After adjusting for confounding, urban residence (APR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.4–8.0) and open-air defecation (APR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.4–7.5) were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. One out of eight children had any of the parasitic infection and nearly 50% of parasitic infections were caused by STH. Those children residing in urban areas and practice of open-air defecation had higher prevalence of parasitic infection.