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Discussion The combination of pulmonary hypoplasia-aplasia (PHA) with OA-TEF is very rare with around 35 cases being reported in the literature. 1 - 3 Postoperative survival rates are very poor with the majority of patients succumbing to progressive cardiorespiratory failure. 1 Nearly 50% of patients with PHA have major associated abnormalities including those of the VACTERL (vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal and limb defects) complex and other major organ systems. 4 Interestingly, Wexels 4 reported pulmonary veins entering the azygos vein as an associated abnormality in patients with pulmonary agenesis.

We have detected 62 compact likely extragalactic sources in the Galactic center (GC) region at 0.154 and 0.255 GHz with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT). Their scattering sizes go down linearly with angular distance from the GC up to about 1°. These are more than 10 times lower than the proposed Hyperstrong scattering model within 0.5° from the GC. We also detect 7 out of 10 EG sources expected in the region from existing catalogs. Ionized interfaces of dense molecular clouds to the ambient medium are likely responsible for strong scattering. However, dense GC clouds traced by CS J = (1 − 0) emission are found to have a narrow distribution of ∼0.2° across the Galactic plane. Lack of strong scattering towards EG sources within ∼ 0.5° from GC with |b| ≳ 0.2° could explain our results.

This report describes two unusual cases of anorectal malformation. The first had a type III congenital pouch colon with a colovesical fistula. In the other very similar case, segmental dilatation of the colon was present along with penoscrotal hypospadias and, distally, a length of normal colon ending in a rectourethral fistula. In both patients, the appendix was short, stubby and a Y-shaped duplication of the normal colon was present just proximal to the dilated segment of colon.

We have measured HI absorption distance to the youngest Galactic supernova remnant G1.9+0.3. Absorption by known anomalous velocity features near the Galactic centre (GC) puts a lower limit on its distance from Sun as 10 kpc, 2 kpc further away from the GC. We have found a small diameter (1.6′) shell like structure G354.4+0.0, that shows polarised emission in the NVSS. Based on its morphology, angular size, HI distance and its spectrum between 1.4 GHz and 330 MHz, it is perhaps the second youngest SNR in the Galaxy that is expanding in a dense environment of an HII region surrounding it. Our pilot observation of the inner Galactic 4th quadrant within 337° < l < 354° with a fixed Galactic latitude of 0.37° has confirmed G345.1−0.2 as an SNR.

Origin of magnetic fields, its structure and effects on dynamical processes in stars to galaxies are not well understood. Lack of a direct probe has remained a problem for its study. The first phase of Square Kilometre Array (SKA-I), will have almost an order of magnitude higher sensitivity than the best existing radio telescope at GHz frequencies. In this contribution, we discuss specific science cases that are of interest to the Indian community concerned with astrophysical turbulence and magnetic fields. The SKA-I will allow observations of a large number of background sources with detectable polarization and measure their Faraday depths (FDs) through the Milky Way, other galaxies and their circum-galactic mediums. This will probe line-of-sight magnetic fields in these objects well and provide field configurations. Detailed comparison of observational data (e.g., pitch angles in spirals) with models which consider various processes giving rise to field amplification and maintenance (e.g., various types of dynamo models) will then be possible. Such observations will also provide the coherence scale of the fields and its random component through RM structure function. Measuring the random component is important to characterize turbulence in the medium. Observations of FDs with redshift will provide important information on magnetic field evolution as a function of redshift. The background sources could also be used to probe magnetic fields and its coherent scale in galaxy clusters and in bridges formed between interacting galaxies. Other than FDs, sensitive observations of synchrotron emission from galaxies will provide complimentary information on their magnetic field strengths in the sky plane. The core shift measurements of AGNs can provide more precise measurements of magnetic field in the sub parsec region near the black hole and its evolution. The low band of SKA-I will also be useful to study circularly polarized emission from Sun and comparing various models of field configurations with observations.

Gastric acid-reducing medications (ARMs) such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine type 2 receptor blockers (H2 blockers) are crucial in pediatric care for treating various gastrointestinal conditions. These medications are frequently used to treat erosive esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). ARMs are essential to the administration of eosinophilic esophagitis and infection. Additionally, literature also supports its use in alleviating drug-induced dyspepsia, preventing stress-related mucosal damage, and lowering the risk of acid aspiration syndrome during anesthesia in critical care settings. Despite the widespread indications of ARMs, PPIs, the most potent acid suppressants, present concerns regarding safety and their inappropriate use in pediatrics. This paper aims to address these gaps by providing comprehensive, practical recommendations for ARM use in pediatric settings. The methodology involved a structured literature review and opinions from 24 pediatric specialists across India, including neonatologists, general pediatricians, pediatric gastroenterologists, a pediatric hepatologist, pediatric nephrologists, a pediatric pulmonologist, and a pediatric intensivist on the appropriate choice of ARM use in various clinical scenarios. They emphasized the benefits of H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) over PPIs, particularly in neonates and infants, where H2RAs offer a safer alternative due to their lower risk of adverse effects. The paper outlines the effective application of H2RAs in managing GERD, preventing stress ulcers, and treating drug-induced dyspepsia. It also provides guidelines for appropriate ARM use, stressing the need for careful patient evaluation to minimize the risk of unnecessary ARM use. Pediatricians also provided a view on the use of H2RAs beyond gastrointestinal indications, such as in urticaria, where they show promising clinical application when combined with H1-antihistamines. This paper offers valuable insights and recommendations for optimizing the use of ARM in pediatric practice. By highlighting the advantages of H2RAs and addressing the limitations and risks associated with PPIs, the paper aims to guide clinicians in making informed, evidence-based decisions. The goal is to improve clinical outcomes, promote the rational use of ARM, and enhance the quality of pediatric care.

We have estimated the magnetic field strengths of a sample of seven galaxies using their non-thermal synchrotron radio emission at metre wavelengths, and assuming energy equipartition between magnetic fields and cosmic ray particles. Spatially resolved star formation rates (SFR) were estimated for the seven galaxies along with five galaxies studied previously. For the combined sample of twelve galaxies, the equipartition magnetic fields (B\\(_\\textrm{eq}\\)) are correlated with the SFR surface densities (\\(\\Sigma_\\textrm{SFR}\\)) at sub-kpc scales with B\\(_\\textrm{eq}\\) \\(\\propto\\) \\(\\Sigma_\\textrm{SFR}^ {0.31\\pm0.06}\\), consistent with model predictions. We estimated gas densities (\\(\\rho_\\textrm{gas}\\)) for a sub-sample of seven galaxies using archival observations of the carbon monoxide (CO) rotational transitions and the atomic hydrogen (HI) 21 cm line and studied the spatially-resolved correlation between the magnetic fields and \\(\\rho_\\textrm{gas}\\). Magnetic fields and gas densities are found to be correlated at sub-kpc scale as B\\(_\\textrm{eq}\\) \\(\\propto\\) \\(\\rho_\\textrm{gas}^{0.40\\pm0.09}\\). This is broadly consistent with models, which typically predict B \\(\\propto\\) \\(\\rho_\\textrm{gas}^{0.5}\\).

We have observed seven nearby large angular sized galaxies at 0.33 GHz using GMRT with angular resolution of \\(\\sim10''\\) and sub-mJy sensitivity. Using archival higher frequency data at 1.4 or \\(\\sim\\)6 GHz, we have then determined their spatially resolved non-thermal spectrum. As a general trend, we find that the spectral indices are comparatively flat at the galaxy centres and gradually steepen with increasing galactocentric distances. Using archival far infrared (FIR) MIPS 70 \\({\\mu} m\\) data, we estimate the exponent of radio-FIR correlation. One of the galaxy (NGC 4826) was found to have an exponent of the correlation of \\(\\sim1.4\\). Average exponent from 0.33 GHz data for the rest of the galaxies was 0.63\\(\\pm\\)0.06 and is significantly flatter than the exponent 0.78\\(\\pm\\)0.04 obtained using 1.4 GHz data. This indicates cosmic ray electron (CRe) propagation to have reduced the correlation between FIR and 0.33 GHz radio. Assuming a model of simple isotropic diffusion of CRe, we find that the scenario can explain the frequency dependent cosmic ray electron propagation length scales for only two galaxies. Invoking streaming instability could, however, explain the results for the majority of the remaining ones.

We observed the Galactic centre (GC) region with the partially upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) using a wideband system in frequency ranges of 300– 500 MHz with 16 antennas. Preliminary results are presented here. Sgr-A* is clearly detected down to 450 MHz. Sgr-A West slowly disappears at lower frequencies across the band. By taking cross-cuts across the known major-axis of Sgr-A*, we measure its total flux density across the band to be 0.4 Jy consistent with what is expected from earlier results. It clearly indicates lack of absorption from Sgr-A West. Its spectral index is consistent with its higher frequency value of +0.3.

With the high sensitivity and wide-field coverage of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), large samples of explosive transients are expected to be discovered. Radio wavelengths, especially in commensal survey mode, are particularly well-suited for uncovering the complex transient phenomena. This is because observations at radio wavelengths may suffer less obscuration than in other bands (e.g. optical/IR or X-rays) due to dust absorption. At the same time, multiwaveband information often provides critical source classification rapidly than possible with only radio band data. Therefore, multiwaveband observational efforts with wide fields of view will be the key to progress of transients astronomy from the middle 2020s offering unprecedented deep images and high spatial and spectral resolutions. Radio observations of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) with SKA will uncover not only much fainter bursts and verifying claims of sensitivity-limited population versus intrinsically dim GRBs, they will also unravel the enigmatic population of orphan afterglows. The supernova rate problem caused by dust extinction in optical bands is expected to be lifted in the SKA era. In addition, the debate of single degenerate scenario versus double degenerate scenario will be put to rest for the progenitors of thermonuclear supernovae, since highly sensitive measurements will lead to very accurate mass loss estimation in these supernovae. One also expects to detect gravitationally lensed supernovae in far away Universe in the SKA bands. Radio counterparts of the gravitational waves are likely to become a reality once SKA comes online. In addition, SKA is likely to discover various new kinds of transients.