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"Roy, Tirthankar"
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India in the world economy : from antiquity to the present
\"Cross-cultural exchange has characterized the economic life of India since antiquity. Its long coastline has afforded convenient access to Asia and Africa, and trading partnerships formed in the exchange of commodities ranging from textiles to military technology and opium to indigo. In a journey across 2,000 years, this enthralling book written by a leading South Asian historian, describes the ties of trade, migration, and investment between India and the rest of the world, showing how changing patterns of globalization reverberated on economic policy, politics, and political ideology within India. Along the way, the book asks three major questions. Is this a particularly Indian story? When did the big turning points happen? And is it possible to distinguish the modern from the pre-modern pattern of exchange? These questions invite a new approach to the study of Indian history by placing the region squarely at the center of the narrative. This is global history written on India,مWs terms and, as such, the book invites South Asian, Indian, and global historians to rethink both their history and their methodologies\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Integrated flood risk assessment of properties and associated population at county scale for Nebraska, USA
Risk assessment of properties and associated population was conducted for the state of Nebraska, leveraging only open-source datasets. The flood risk framework consisted of interactions among drivers, i.e. hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and response, to assess the risks related to properties and associated populations. To quantify hazard on a county scale, we considered properties at risk of flooding based on a flood score (a higher score represents a greater chance of flooding). Exposure was quantified by considering population density at the county level. We quantified vulnerability under four categories: social, ecological, economic, and health. Response, a relatively newer component in flood risk assessment, was also quantified under three distinct categories: structural, non-structural, and emergency. Overall, we found that counties in eastern Nebraska (Sarpy, Dakota, Wayne, and Adams) have a higher risk of flooding consequences due to more exposure to vulnerable assets such as population and property. The assessment also observed that counties in eastern Nebraska are in the process of improving their flood control measures with dams, levees, and higher insurance coverage that can subdue the risks associated with flooding. The results from this study are anticipated to guide water managers and policymakers in making more effective and locally relevant policies and measures to mitigate flood risks and consequences.
Journal Article
A business history of India : enterprise and the emergence of capitalism from 1700
\"In recent decades, private investment has led to an economic resurgence in India. But this is not the first time the region has witnessed impressive business growth. There have been many similar stories over the past 300 years. India's economic history shows that capital was relatively expensive. How, then, did capitalism flourish in the region? How did companies and entrepreneurs deal with the shortage of key resources? Has there been a common pattern in responses to these issues over the centuries? Through detailed case studies of firms, entrepreneurs, and business commodities, Tirthankar Roy answers these questions. Roy bridges the approaches of business and economic history, illustrating the development of a distinctive regional capitalism. On each occasion of growth, connections with the global economy helped firms and entrepreneurs better manage risks. Making these deep connections between India's economic past and present shows why history matters in its remaking of capitalism today\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evaluating the Impacts of Agriculture Conservation on Water Quantity and Quality Through Trend, Predictability, and Causality Analysis
We investigated the potential of nature‐based solutions within the context of agriculture conservation practices (ACPs) that impact watershed hydrology and water quality in Shell Creek, Nebraska, USA. This region serves as an example of a successful watershed conversion driven by the collaboration of local stakeholders and government agencies, which also offers valuable solutions for addressing future climate challenges. We utilized a high‐resolution remote sensing data covering a wide range of attributes, including continuous land cover, winter vegetation health, and summer cropping, and supplemented it with hydrometeorological and water quantity and quality data. The implementation patterns of ACPs and changes in water quantity and quality were studied using trend analysis. The data were then analyzed using explainable Artificial Intelligence and causal inference techniques to understand how ACPs lead to changes in water quantity and quality attributes. In addition, we carried out flood frequency analysis to assess the impact of ACPs on extreme flows. The findings suggested that winter cover cropping has extensively increased over the past 30 years. The health of winter vegetation also significantly improved, although there was an intensification in summer cropping. In the context of water quantity, extreme flood events have become less frequent. Results also showed a noticeable decrease in turbidity, total suspended solids concentration, and total phosphorus concentration. However, these changes were not statistically significant. The overall findings suggest that different nature‐based solutions have increased in recent decades and have contributed to improvements in water quality and reductions in flood frequency in the watershed.
Journal Article
Water : the troubled economic history of the arid tropics
\"From the early twentieth century, a big part of the world - the arid/semiarid tropics - began extracting, storing, and recycling vast quantities of water to sustain population growth and economic development. The idea was not a new one in this geography. It was an intrinsic part of ancient culture, statecraft, and technology. Most ancient projects, however, were local and small in scale. The capability of water extraction on a scale large enough to transform whole regions and create new cities improved in the early twentieth century, giving rise to a sharp break in the long-term population and economic growth pattern from the mid-twentieth century. Ironically, the geography of the arid tropics made transforming landscapes in this way expensive, damaging for the environment, and disputatious. The book describes this troubled history of economic emergence, building on a definition of tropicality\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Rethinking Economic Change in India
As author of the hugely influential The Economic History of India 1857-1947 , Tirthankar Roy has established himself as the leading contemporary economic historian of India. Here, Roy turns his attention to labour and livelihood and the nature of economic change in the Subcontinent. This book covers:
economic history of modern India
rural labour
labour-intensive industrialization
women and industrialization.
Challenging the prevailing wisdom on Indian economic growth - that it is bound up with Marxian, postcolonial class analysis - Roy formulates a new view. Commercialization, surplus labour and uncertainty are seen as equally important and the end result reconciles the increasingly opposed view of economists and historians.
1. Introduction 2. Economic History of Modern India 3. Economic History of Modern India: Defining the Link 4. Rural Labour and 'De-Peasantization' 5. Rural Labour: Lessons of Wage Data 6. Was there an Industrial Decline in the early Nineteenth Century? 7. Labour-Intensive Industrialization 8. Women and Industrialization 9. Conclusion
eBook
The efficacy of conservation practices in reducing floods and improving water quality
Conservation practices such as crop rotation, filter strips, and constructed wetlands are nature-based approaches intended to safeguard natural resources in agricultural landscapes. In this study, we reviewed the literature on how conservation practices, both at watershed and field scales, have been proven to subdue flood peaks, surface runoff, soil erosion, sediment transport, and nutrient loss. We classified different conservation practices based on the mode of their application (i.e., in-field, edge-of-field, and structural practices) and described what prior research efforts have concluded about the efficacy of different practices. At the field scale, practices such as reduced or no-till farming, grassed waterways, and creation of wetlands significantly reduced the peak flow. Similarly, water quality was improved with implementation of conservation practices such as using cover crops, filter strips, and managing residue and tillage. The assessment of conservation practices across the literature was found to be challenging as different conservation practices showed a similar response, thus making it complex to assess the individual effect. A wide range of challenges related to the data, modeling/analysis, and management aspects of conservation practices were identified, and recommendations were provided to overcome these challenges.
Journal Article
The Drivers of Hydrologic Behavior in Brazil: Insights From a Catchment Classification
Despite hosting ∼16% of the global freshwater and almost 50% of water resources in South America, Brazilian catchment‐scale relationships between drivers and streamflow are still poorly understood. Here, we used streamflow signatures and attributes of 735 catchments from the Catchment Attributes for Brazil data set to investigate the dominant hydrological processes for the catchments. We also assess how catchments group based on hydrologic behavior similarities and analyze which climatic/landscape attributes control the streamflow variability. To classify and group the catchments, we used the k‐means method optimized by the Elbow approach, along with a Principal Component Analysis. Uncertainty on catchment grouping was checked by k‐fold cross‐validation. Then, we used a recursive feature elimination using the random forest technique to assess the most influential catchment attributes to the hydrological signatures. Our results revealed six similarity groups, which followed mainly an aridity gradient ranging from the wettest to the driest, but also seasonality. The climate is the primary driver of hydrological behavior for the water‐limited groups, highlighting the influence and importance of the atmospheric demand in several Brazilian catchments. High soil storage capacity in energy‐limited catchments associated with high precipitation led to high discharge all year due to the subsurface fluxes' contribution. Our findings may be useful to improve streamflow predictability and hydrological behavior identification by further understanding hydrological similarities and their signatures due to catchment landscape characteristics. Further, by employing an easily reproducible methodology and clear metrics to weigh uncertainty, our study provides a significant step toward establishing a catchment‐scale common classification system. Key Points We analyzed catchment‐scale relationships between streamflow and its drivers by clustering the catchments based on hydrological similarity Six catchment groups emerged following mainly an aridity gradient, from the wettest to the driest, and seasonality Climate controls the hydrological behavior of water‐limited catchments, while landscape characteristics control energy‐limited catchments
Journal Article