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"Rubinstein, Gary"
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The girl who never made mistakes
Beatrice is so well-known for never making a mistake that she's greeted each morning by fans and reporters, but a near-error on the day of the school talent show could change everything.
Book
The Problem with Value-Added Measurement
The author discusses how educational reformers have encouraged states across the country, as a requirement to be eligible for Race to the Top money, to measure teacher and school quality through value-added measurements. The idea behind value-added measurements is that a computer can take all the information about a class of students and determine what those students would score on the state exams ten months from now if they were taught in an \"average\" school by an \"average\" teacher. Ten months later the students take the test, and based on whether their results exceed or fall short of the computer's prediction, that school is given an \"A\" or an \"F\" rating, and the teacher is correspondingly rated as effective or ineffective. Unfortunately for schools and teachers, the computer isn't very good at predicting what it is supposed to do. With value-added, teachers rated highly effective one year might be highly ineffective the next despite, according to the teachers, the fact that they didn't do anything wildly different. The author suggests that the state tests are not very good, and threatening a teacher with termination or a school withturnaround unless they measure up on an unreliable scale is never going to improve education.
Journal Article
Teacher Boot Camp
It is the first day of school. After the teacher distributes the first assignment of the year, a diagnostic test, a student raises his hand and announces, I don't need to do this.\" When the teacher asks why not, the student says, \"I don't need math. I'm gonna be a professional basketball player.\" The teacher thinks for a second before countering with, \"You'll need math to keep track of your money.\"
Journal Article
Teacher boot camp
Rubinstein probes into the New York City Teaching Program, which is designed to recruit and train people who want to start new careers as teachers in New York City's most underresourced school. There are three components to the training, which include observing established teachers, attending college courses on teaching methods, and reflecting on the experiences of the first two components.
Trade Publication Article
Did you bring enough ammo for everyone?
According to Rubinstein, strangers seem to feel that \"inner-city teachers\" are somehow more interesting than other teachers.
Trade Publication Article
Apoptolidin family glycomacrolides target leukemia through inhibition of ATP synthase
Cancer cells have long been recognized to exhibit unique bioenergetic requirements. The apoptolidin family of glycomacrolides are distinguished by their selective cytotoxicity towards oncogene-transformed cells, yet their molecular mechanism remains uncertain. We used photoaffinity analogs of the apoptolidins to identify the F1 subcomplex of mitochondrial ATP synthase as the target of apoptolidin A. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of apoptolidin and ammocidin–ATP synthase complexes revealed a novel shared mode of inhibition that was confirmed by deep mutational scanning of the binding interface to reveal resistance mutations which were confirmed using CRISPR–Cas9. Ammocidin A was found to suppress leukemia progression in vivo at doses that were tolerated with minimal toxicity. The combination of cellular, structural, mutagenesis, and in vivo evidence defines the mechanism of action of apoptolidin family glycomacrolides and establishes a path to address oxidative phosphorylation-dependent cancers.Photoaffinity analogs of a family of glycosylated macrolides, apoptolidins, revealed the F1 subcomplex of mitochondrial ATP synthase as the target. Cryo-EM analysis of the apoptolidin–ATP synthase complex enabled identification of resistance mutations.
Journal Article
Design and fabrication of a passive droplet dispenser for portable high resolution imaging system
Moldless lens manufacturing techniques using standard droplet dispensing technology often require precise control over pressure to initiate fluid flow and control droplet formation. We have determined a series of interfacial fluid parameters optimised using standard 3D printed tools to extract, dispense and capture a single silicone droplet that is then cured to obtain high quality lenses. The dispensing process relies on the recapitulation of liquid dripping action (Rayleigh-Plateau instability) and the capturing method uses the interplay of gravitational force, capillary forces and liquid pinning to control the droplet shape. The key advantage of the passive lens fabrication approach is rapid scale-up using 3D printing by avoiding complex dispensing tools. We characterise the quality of the lenses fabricated using the passive approach by measuring wavefront aberration and high resolution imaging. The fabricated lenses are then integrated into a portable imaging system; a wearable thimble imaging device with a detachable camera housing, that is constructed for field imaging. This paper provides the full exposition of steps, from lens fabrication to imaging platform, necessary to construct a standalone high resolution imaging system. The simplicity of our methodology can be implemented using a regular desktop 3D printer and commercially available digital imaging systems.
Journal Article
Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release
Restrictive housing, otherwise known as solitary confinement, during incarceration is associated with poor health outcomes.
To characterize the association of restrictive housing with reincarceration and mortality after release.
This retrospective cohort study included 229 274 individuals who were incarcerated and released from the North Carolina prison system from January 2000 to December 2015. Incarceration data were matched with death records from January 2000 to December 2016. Covariates included age, number of prior incarcerations, type of conviction, mental health treatment recommended or received, number of days served in the most recent sentence, sex, and race. Data analysis was conducted from August 2018 to May 2019.
Restrictive housing during incarceration.
Mortality (all-cause, opioid overdose, homicide, and suicide) and reincarceration.
From 2000 to 2015, 229 274 people (197 656 [86.2%] men; 92 677 [40.4%] white individuals; median [interquartile range (IQR)] age, 32 years [26-42]), were released 398 158 times from the state prison system in North Carolina. Those who spent time in restrictive housing had a median (IQR) age of 30 (24-38) years and a median (IQR) sentence length of 382 (180-1010) days; 84 272 (90.3%) were men, and 59 482 (63.7%) were nonwhite individuals. During 130 551 of 387 913 incarcerations (33.7%) people were placed in restrictive housing. Compared with individuals who were incarcerated and not placed in restrictive housing, those who spent any time in restrictive housing were more likely to die in the first year after release (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; 95% CI 1.12-1.38), especially from suicide (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.19-2.67) and homicide (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.24-1.91). They were also more likely to die of an opioid overdose in the first 2 weeks after release (HR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.16-4.43) and to become reincarcerated (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.99-2.34).
This study suggests that exposure to restrictive housing is associated with an increased risk of death during community reentry. These findings are important in the context of ongoing debates about the harms of restrictive housing, indicating a need to find alternatives to its use and flagging restrictive housing as an important risk factor during community reentry.
Journal Article
Human Diaphragm Remodeling Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clinical Implications
Diaphragm remodeling associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) consists of a fast-to-slow fiber type transformation as well as adaptations within each fiber type. To try to explain disparate findings in the literature regarding the relationship between fiber type proportions and FEV1, we obtained costal diaphragm biopsies on 40 subjects whose FEV1 ranged from 118 to 16% of the predicted normal value. First, we noted that our exponential regression model indicated that changes in FEV1 can account for 72% of the variation in the proportion of Type I fibers. Second, to assess the impact of COPD on diaphragm force generation, we measured maximal specific force generated by single permeabilized fibers prepared from the diaphragms of two patients with normal pulmonary function tests and two patients with severe COPD. We noted that fibers prepared from the diaphragms of severe COPD patients generated a lower specific force than control fibers (p < 0.001) and Type I fibers generated a lower specific force than Type II fibers (p < 0.001). Our finding of an exponential relationship between the proportion of Type I fibers and FEV1 accounts for discrepancies in the literature. Moreover, our single-fiber results suggest that COPD-associated diaphragm remodeling decreases diaphragmatic force generation by adaptations within each fiber type as well as by fiber type transformations.
Journal Article
Task-shifting for cardiovascular risk factor management: lessons from the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases
Task-shifting to non-physician health workers (NPHWs) has been an effective model for managing infectious diseases and improving maternal and child health. There is inadequate evidence to show the effectiveness of NPHWs to manage cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In 2012, the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases funded eight studies which focused on task-shifting to NPHWs for the management of hypertension. We report the lessons learnt from the field. From each of the studies, we obtained information on the types of tasks shifted, the professional level from which the task was shifted, the training provided and the challenges faced. Additionally, we collected more granular data on ‘lessons learnt ’ throughout the implementation process and ‘design to implementation’ changes that emerged in each project. The tasks shifted to NPHWs included screening of individuals, referral to physicians for diagnosis and management, patient education for lifestyle improvement, follow-up and reminders for medication adherence and appointments. In four studies, tasks were shifted from physicians to NPHWs and in four studies tasks were shared between two different levels of NPHWs. Training programmes ranged between 3 and 7 days with regular refresher training. Two studies used clinical decision support tools and mobile health components. Challenges faced included system level barriers such as inability to prescribe medicines, varying skill sets of NPHWs, high workload and staff turnover. With the acute shortage of the health workforce in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), achieving better health outcomes for the prevention and control of CVD is a major challenge. Task-shifting or sharing provides a practical model for the management of CVD in LMICs.
Journal Article