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"Rudolph, M."
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Antiemetic Prophylaxis for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
One of the most important changes in cancer treatment in recent decades has been the development of treatment regimens that greatly reduce the incidence and intensity of nausea and vomiting. The most effective regimens and how they work are reviewed.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (chemotherapy-induced emesis) is a common treatment-related side effect that has a detrimental effect on the quality of life of patients with cancer and may lead to dose reductions in or discontinuation of chemotherapy. The development of new antiemetic agents has dramatically changed the landscape of chemotherapy-induced emesis. In the 1970s, prolonged hospital stays for nausea after chemotherapy were common practice.
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In 1979, a randomized trial involving patients with cancer showed that the overall incidence of chemotherapy-induced emesis was approximately 83%.
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Two decades later, with newly available antiemetics, an observational study reported incidences of acute nausea and . . .
Journal Article
Counter terrorism in Saudi Arabia : new approaches to radical threats
As jihadist extremism, and its manifestation as Al Qaeda, began to spread - even in the years before 9/11 - Saudi Arabia became a principal target. Jihadists identified the country as the first state against which they could mount a concerted effort to destabilise, undermine and subvert the authority of its central government and its ruling elites. This prompted the Saudis to take defensive initiatives which were to become widely recognised as an effective way to deal with extremism. The key element of the Saudi approach was to lace their hard confrontation of the extremists with subtle, soft mechanisms to undermine the will of actual and potential terrorists. The efforts ranged from interdiction of funding terrorist groups to the deployment of social and psychological pressures aimed at steering extremists away from their cause. This included welfare inducements whereby perpetrators were persuaded by material benefits - state support to families and individuals, housing allowances, educational opportunities - to abandon their political goals in favour of a return to family and society. This book charts the course of the Saudi terrorist rehabilitation programme and makes vital reading for all who, either directly or indirectly, have an interest in following the emergence of international terrorism -- Provided by the publisher.
Book
Alterations in sperm long RNA contribute to the epigenetic inheritance of the effects of postnatal trauma
Psychiatric diseases have a strong heritable component known to not be restricted to DNA sequence-based genetic inheritance alone but to also involve epigenetic factors in germ cells. Initial evidence suggested that sperm RNA is causally linked to the transmission of symptoms induced by traumatic experiences. Here, we show that alterations in long RNA in sperm contribute to the inheritance of specific trauma symptoms. Injection of long RNA fraction from sperm of males exposed to postnatal trauma recapitulates the effects on food intake, glucose response to insulin and risk-taking in adulthood whereas the small RNA fraction alters body weight and behavioural despair. Alterations in long RNA are maintained after fertilization, suggesting a direct link between sperm and embryo RNA.
Journal Article
The China questions : critical insights into a rising power
Many books offer information about the world's most populous country, but few make sense of what is truly at stake. Thirty of the world's leading China experts--affiliates of Harvard's renowned Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies--answer key questions about where this new superpower is headed and what makes its people and their leaders tick.
Book
Normal and inverted regimes of charge transfer controlled by density of states at polymer electrodes
Conductive polymer electrodes have exceptional promise for next-generation bioelectronics and energy conversion devices due to inherent mechanical flexibility, printability, biocompatibility, and low cost. Conductive polymers uniquely exhibit hybrid electronic–ionic transport properties that enable novel electrochemical device architectures, an advantage over inorganic counterparts. Yet critical structure–property relationships to control the potential-dependent rates of charge transfer at polymer/electrolyte interfaces remain poorly understood. Herein, we evaluate the kinetics of charge transfer between electrodeposited poly-(3-hexylthiophene) films and a model redox-active molecule, ferrocenedimethanol. We show that the kinetics directly follow the potential-dependent occupancy of electronic states in the polymer. The rate increases then decreases with potential (both normal and inverted kinetic regimes), a phenomenon distinct from inorganic semiconductors. This insight can be invoked to design polymer electrodes with kinetic selectivity toward redox active species and help guide synthetic approaches for the design of alternative device architectures and approaches.
Charge transfer at conductive polymer/liquid interfaces critically affects the performance of organic bioelectronics and energy conversion/storage devices. Here, the authors provide a mechanistic framework to describe charge-transfer rates in the context of hybrid ionic–electronic conductivity.
Journal Article
The monetary history of Iran : from the Safavids to the Qajars
This detailed study of Iran's monetary history, from the advent of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 to the end of Qajar rule in 1925, covers the of use of ready money and its circulation, the changing conditions of the country's mints, and the role of the state in managing money.
Book
Olanzapine for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
The addition of olanzapine to a neurokinin receptor blocker, a serotonin receptor blocker, and dexamethasone markedly improved the control of nausea and vomiting in previously untreated patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life and are perceived by patients as major adverse effects of cancer treatment.
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The use of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT
3
) receptor antagonists,
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dexamethasone,
2
and neurokinin-1 (NK
1
) receptor antagonists
3
–
9
has significantly improved the control of this troublesome side effect. International guidelines
10
–
12
recommend combinations of these agents to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Nonetheless, nausea remains a major problem for many patients.
1
,
2
Olanzapine is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an . . .
Journal Article
Treatment of Breakthrough and Refractory Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Despite significant progress in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) with the introduction of new antiemetic agents, 30–50% of patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC or HEC) and guideline directed prophylactic antiemetics develop breakthrough CINV. International guidelines recommend the treatment of breakthrough CINV with an agent from a drug class that was not used in the prophylactic antiemetic regimen and recommend using the breakthrough medication continuously rather than using it on an as needed basis. There have been very few studies on the treatment of breakthrough CINV. A recent double-blind, randomized, phase III study suggested that olanzapine may be an effective agent for the treatment of breakthrough CINV. Refractory CINV occurs when patients develop CINV during subsequent cycles of chemotherapy when antiemetic prophylaxis has not been successful in controlling CINV in earlier cycles. Patients who develop refractory CINV should be considered for a change in their prophylactic antiemetic regimen. If significant anxiety exists, a benzodiazepine may be added to the prophylactic regimen. If a refractory patient is receiving HEC, olanzapine may be added to the prophylactic regimen. If the patient is receiving MEC, olanzapine or an NK-1 receptor antagonist may be added to the prophylactic regimen.
Journal Article
Codon-Driven Translational Efficiency Is Stable across Diverse Mammalian Cell States
Whether codon usage fine-tunes mRNA translation in mammals remains controversial, with recent papers suggesting that production of proteins in specific Gene Ontological (GO) pathways can be regulated by actively modifying the codon and anticodon pools in different cellular conditions. In this work, we compared the sequence content of genes in specific GO categories with the exonic genome background. Although a substantial fraction of variability in codon usage could be explained by random sampling, almost half of GO sets showed more variability in codon usage than expected by chance. Nevertheless, by quantifying translational efficiency in healthy and cancerous tissues in human and mouse, we demonstrated that a given tRNA pool can equally well translate many different sets of mRNAs, irrespective of their cell-type specificity. This disconnect between variations in codon usage and the stability of translational efficiency is best explained by differences in GC content between gene sets. GC variation across the mammalian genome is most likely a result of the interplay between genome repair and gene duplication mechanisms, rather than selective pressures caused by codon-driven translational rates. Consequently, codon usage differences in mammalian transcriptomes are most easily explained by well-understood mutational biases acting on the underlying genome.
Journal Article