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Graphene aerogel with three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous structure and good hydrophobicity has been extensively investigated for sorbent materials for oils and demonstrated to be effective. Herein, a 3D polyimide–graphene aerogel (PI-GA) nanocomposite has been prepared by introducing water-soluble polyimide (PI). Benefiting from the synergetic effect of PI and GA, the PI-GA nanocomposite exhibits ultralow density, excellent compressibility and hydrophobicity. When evaluated as a sorbent material for oils and organic solvent, PI-GA nanocomposite has high absorption capacity and can separate oil from water rapidly and efficiently. Furthermore, the mechanical squeezing process can be used for the recycling of the PI-GA due to its excellent compressibility. The excellent absorption performance and robust mechanical properties make the PI-GA suitable for oil cleanup and chemical leakage.

In this study, we report a hollow microsphere assembled by ultrathin SnS nanosheets prepared by a template method. Hollow ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) spheres with abundant pores on the shell are used as templates, and SnS nanosheets can grow on the surface of the Fe3O4 shell. The key factor to obtain the unique structure of SnS sphere is the utilization of Fe3O4 template. When employed as the anode for lithium-ion battery, the SnS exhibits the better electrochemical performance than that of the bulk SnS electrode. With morphology observation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis, SnS/V-SnS electrodes are proved to possess several advantages, i.e., high specific surface area facilitates electrochemical reactions due to more active sites, shortened Li+ diffusion distance, and sufficient void space to sustain the volume change, which all contribute to its improved electrochemical performance.

Flexible and self-healing supercapacitors are urgently needed to meet the practical applications of flexible and wearable electronics. Herein, we have prepared a flexible and self-healing supercapacitor by sandwiching a self-healing physically cross-linked PVA–H2SO4 electrolyte separator between two activated carbon cloth (ACC)/MnO2 electrode films. The ACC/MnO2 electrode is prepared by activation of carbon cloth in air at medium temperature and then decorated by MnO2 nanoflakes through hydrothermal growth, which provides the flexibility and electrochemical performance. The self-healing of supercapacitor originates from the self-healing physically cross-linked PVA–H2SO4 electrolyte, which can enable the recombination of the broken interfaces and the self-healing of the supercapacitor through dynamic hydrogen bonding. As a result, the supercapacitor demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance (high areal specific capacitance of 886.7 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2 and excellent cycling performance with a capacitance retention of 87.69% over 10,000 cycles), good self-healing capability with ~ 80% capacitance retention after 5 cutting/healing cycles), and outstanding flexibility.

The development of an integrated air cathode with superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is fundamental to flexible zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) for wearable electronics. Herein, a self‐assembled metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived strategy is proposed to prepare a atomic Fe/Fe3C@N‐doped C catalysts supported by carbon cloth (CC) catalyst for use as an air cathode of flexible ZABs. The Prussian Blue precursor, which self‐assembles on the surface of the carbon cloth due to electrostatic attraction, is critical in achieving the uniform dispersion of catalysts with high density loading on carbon cloth substrates. The hollow cubic structure, N‐doped carbon layer coating, and the integrated electrode design can provide more accessible active sites and facilitate a rapid electron transfer and mass transport. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that the electronic interactions between the Fe‐N4 and Fe3C dual active sites can optimize the adsorption‐desorption behavior of oxygen intermediates formed during the ORR. Consequently, the Fe/Fe3C@N‐doped C/CC exhibits an excellent half wave potential (E1/2 = 0.903 V) and superior long‐term cycling stability in alkaline environments. With excellent ORR performance, ZABs and flexible ZABs based on Fe/Fe3C@N‐doped C/CC air cathode demonstrate excellent overall electrochemical performance in terms of open circuit voltage, maximum power density, flexibility, and cycling stability. A MOF self‐assembly and pyrolysis strategy is proposed to prepare Fe/Fe3C@N‐doped C/carbon cloth catalysts, in which rapid electron transfer and mass transport are achieved. The electron interaction between Fe single atoms and Fe3C active sites lowers the energy barrier, resulting in enhanced ORR catalytic activity. In addition, flexible Zn‐air batteries using the Fe/Fe3C@N doped C/carbon cloth air cathode show excellent performance.

The CuO anode prepared by the traditional slurry coating method still suffers from limited lithium-ion transport kinetics due to the long diffusion lengths and tortuous transport paths resulting from the addition of conductive agents and binders. In this study, we have prepared the integrated CuO@Cu electrode with the porous CuO nanosheets in situ vertically grown on Cu current collector using a chemical etching method. The integrated electrode design improves the electrical conductivity of the electrode, and the porous nanosheets increase the contact area of the electrolyte and buffer the volume variation of CuO during cycling. Moreover, the vertically grown CuO nanosheets can shorten the lithium ion diffusion path and reduce the tortuosity of lithium ion transport pathways, thus realizing fast lithium ion storage kinetics. While the slurry coating CuO powder electrode shows a capacity of 13.3 mAh g −1 at 20 A g −1 , our integrated CuO@Cu electrode still delivers a capacity of 181.6 mAh g −1 at 20 A g −1 . This study demonstrates that rational structural design can significantly improve Li-ion storage kinetics.

Here, we have prepared carbon-coated cadmium sulfide nanowires with sulfur defect (Vs-CdS NWs@C) anode by a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted solvothermal method. Vs-CdS NWs@C anode not only increases the wettability of the electrode material and the electrolyte but also exposes more active sites, which can effectively alleviate the volume expansion during the charging and discharging process, accelerate the reaction kinetics, and maintain the stability of the electrode structure. At the same time, the surface defects engineered to construct unsaturated active sites on the surface contribute to the conductivity and introduce active sites for binding lithium ions. Finally, the conductivity of the carbon layer can effectively improve the electrode conductivity. Therefore, the synergistic regulation strategy of nanostructures, sulfur defect engineering, and carbon coating is expected to construct new and efficient anode materials for LIBs.

The development of an integrated air cathode with superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is fundamental to flexible zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) for wearable electronics. Herein, a self‐assembled metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived strategy is proposed to prepare a atomic Fe/Fe 3 C@N‐doped C catalysts supported by carbon cloth (CC) catalyst for use as an air cathode of flexible ZABs. The Prussian Blue precursor, which self‐assembles on the surface of the carbon cloth due to electrostatic attraction, is critical in achieving the uniform dispersion of catalysts with high density loading on carbon cloth substrates. The hollow cubic structure, N‐doped carbon layer coating, and the integrated electrode design can provide more accessible active sites and facilitate a rapid electron transfer and mass transport. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that the electronic interactions between the Fe‐N 4 and Fe 3 C dual active sites can optimize the adsorption‐desorption behavior of oxygen intermediates formed during the ORR. Consequently, the Fe/Fe 3 C@N‐doped C/CC exhibits an excellent half wave potential (E 1/2 = 0.903 V) and superior long‐term cycling stability in alkaline environments. With excellent ORR performance, ZABs and flexible ZABs based on Fe/Fe 3 C@N‐doped C/CC air cathode demonstrate excellent overall electrochemical performance in terms of open circuit voltage, maximum power density, flexibility, and cycling stability.

Inspired by the recent cocrystallization and theory of energetic materials, we theoretically investigated the intermolecular vibrational energy transfer process and the non-covalent intermolecular interactions between explosive compounds. The intermolecular interactions between 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and between 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) and CL-20 were studied using calculated two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra and the independent gradient model based on the Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) method, respectively. Based on the comparison of the theoretical infrared spectra and optimized geometries with experimental results, the theoretical models can effectively reproduce the experimental geometries. By analyzing cross-peaks in the 2D IR spectra of TNT/CL-20, the intermolecular vibrational energy transfer process between TNT and CL-20 was calculated, and the conclusion was made that the vibrational energy transfer process between CL-20 and TNTII (TNTIII) is relatively slower than between CL-20 and TNTI. As the vibration energy transfer is the bridge of the intermolecular interactions, the weak intermolecular interactions were visualized using the IGMH method, and the results demonstrate that the intermolecular non-covalent interactions of TNT/CL-20 include van der Waals (vdW) interactions and hydrogen bonds, while the intermolecular non-covalent interactions of HMX/CL-20 are mainly comprised of vdW interactions. Further, we determined that the intermolecular interaction can stabilize the trigger bond in TNT/CL-20 and HMX/CL-20 based on Mayer bond order density, and stronger intermolecular interactions generally indicate lower impact sensitivity of energetic materials. We believe that the results obtained in this work are important for a better understanding of the cocrystal mechanism and its application in the field of energetic materials.

Microplastics (MPs) can affect fish health by inducing oxidative stress, but their impact on structural coloration remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations (16 and 160 μg/L) of MPs and nanoplastics (NPs) exposure on growth, oxidative stress and structural coloration in blue strain guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Results showed exposure to 160 μg/L MPs significantly reduced specific growth rate of fish compared to controls. Plastic accumulation followed a dose-dependent pattern, especially within gut concentrations. Oxidative stress responses differed between MPs and NPs: 160 μg/L MPs decreased SOD activity in skin and reduced GSH levels, while 160 μg/L NPs increased MDA levels in gut tissues, indicating severe lipid peroxidation. Structural coloration analysis revealed exposure to 160 μg/L MPs decreased lightness and increased yellowness, demonstrating reduced blue coloration. This was accompanied by an increase in skin uric acid content, suggesting that guanine conversion might occur to combat oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that MPs, particularly at high concentrations, impair growth and induce oxidative stress in guppies. To counteract stress, guanine in iridophores may be converted into uric acid, leading to a decline in structural coloration. This study is the first to reveal that MPs disrupt structural coloration of fish, providing new insights into the ecological risks of plastic pollution on aquatic organisms.

Fossil fuel usage has a great impact on the environment and global climate. Promoting new energy vehicles (NEVs) is essential for green and low-carbon transportation and supporting sustainable development. Lithium-ion power batteries (LIPBs) are crucial energy-storage components in NEVs, directly influencing their performance and safety. Therefore, exploring LIPB reliability technologies has become a vital research area. This paper aims to comprehensively summarize the progress in LIPB reliability research. First, we analyze existing reliability studies on LIPB components and common estimation methods. Second, we review the state-estimation methods used for accurate battery monitoring. Third, we summarize the commonly used optimization methods in fault diagnosis and lifetime prediction. Fourth, we conduct a bibliometric analysis. Finally, we identify potential challenges for future LIPB research. Through our literature review, we find that: (1) model-based and data-driven approaches are currently more commonly used in state-estimation methods; (2) neural networks and deep learning are the most prevalent methods in fault diagnosis and lifetime prediction; (3) bibliometric analysis indicates a high interest in LIPB reliability technology in China compared to other countries; (4) this research needs further development in overall system reliability, research on real-world usage scenarios, and advanced simulation and modeling techniques.