Explore the vast range of titles available.

The present field and petrographic investigations of the Tortonian to Gelasian Siwalik Group in the core of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis have been carried out to comprehend the middle stage Himalayan orogeny that resulted from the collision of Indian and Asian plates. The Chinji, Nagri, Dhok Pathan, and Soan Formations of the Siwalik Group were deposited by river meandering flood plains, braided rivers, and alluvial fan systems, respectively. The Siwalik Group is classified into seven major facies and many minor facies based on sedimentological properties. According to the petrographic analysis, the Siwalik Group sandstone is classified as litharenite and feldspathic litharenite petrofacies. The sandstone of the Siwalik Group is texturally mature, but compositionally it is immature. The data shown on the tectonic discrimination diagrams point to a recycled orogen provenance field for the Siwalik sandstone. In addition to quartz and feldspar, the sandstone includes clasts of volcanic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock types. The igneous and metamorphic rock clasts were derived from the Lesser and Higher Himalayas. The sedimentary lithic fragments, on the other hand, are derived from both the earlier molasse and pre-molasse rocks. The presence of lithic fragments of the earlier molasse sandstone in the Siwalik sandstone indicates that the Siwalik Group sandstones were deposited during the Middle Stage of the Himalayan orogeny. The paleoclimatic conditions were semi-arid to semi-humid during the Siwalik Group’s deposition. The presence of clay minerals in the shale reveals the intense chemical weathering processes that occurred during their deposition on the flood plains of the river meandering system.

This study focused on analyzing the petroleum system of the Bannu Basin, which is the foreland basin of the Himalayan fold and thrust belts in Pakistan. The objectives of this study were achieved by dividing the study area into three zones, namely, the Southwestern zone, Southeastern zone, and Northeastern zone. The regional 2D seismic lines and well log data, including the bore hole temperature (BHT) and petrophysical and geochemical data, were integrated. The seismic interpretations and geohistory plots indicate higher levels of sedimentation and abrupt sedimentation from the Miocene until the Recent era due to the initiation of Himalayan orogeny. The thermal modeling indicates that potential source rocks are present in the basin, whereas the local faults in the Southwestern and Southeastern zones act as potential traps for the preservation of hydrocarbons. It is assumed that the Tredian Formation and Lumshiwal Formation are the potential reservoir rocks in the Southwestern zone, whereas the Warcha Formation and Tredian Formation are the economic reservoirs in the Southeastern zone. However, in the Northeastern zone, no major accumulation is present. The significant sedimentation of post-Miocene formations was the major event for the generation of hydrocarbons and a critical moment for the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the study area.

Background As a widely accepted field standard diagnostic tool for malaria, microscopic examination is often difficult to perform in resource-poor settings. The immunochromatographic HRP2/pLDH (Pf/Pan) Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) serve as alternatives to microscopic examination for falciparum and non-falciparum malaria in co-endemic areas by detecting the histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and pan-plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) antigen. However, Pf/Pan RDTs do not directly quantify parasitaemia. In this study, the diagnostic performance of Pf/Pan RDT and its association with parasite density was examined. Methods Blood smears from patients who were screened for PRIMA Clinical Trial (Trial Registration Number: NCT03916003) conducted in East Sumba, Indonesia, and enrolled to its sub-study, ACROSS, were examined for microscopic examination and RDT using CareStart ™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/PAN) Combo (CareStart ™ Pf/Pan RDT). Results were analysed for both diagnostic performance of RDT and its relationship with parasite density using a logistic regression model. Results 317 participants were included in this study and 158 (49.8%) were malaria positive by microscopy. Among all malaria-positive participants, Plasmodium falciparum infections accounted for 149 (94.3%) cases. The sensitivity and specificity of HRP2 band were 97.3% (95% CI 93.3–99.2) and 97.6% (95% CI 94.0–99.4), respectively, while that of pLDH band were 87.3% (95% CI 81.1–92.0) and 100% (95% CI 97.7–100). For each ten-fold increase in parasite density, the RDT had 12 times the odds of returning Pf/Pan-positive results (n = 126) compared to Pf-positive (n = 19) (OR: 12.1; 95% CI 5.18 to 34.8; p < 0.001). Conclusions CareStart ™ Pf/Pan RDT is reliable in diagnosing falciparum malaria and Pf/Pan-positive results indicate higher parasite density. Pf/Pan-positive results should alert the clinical staff of the increased risk of poor clinical outcome, and should be prioritized for microscopic examination compared to Pf-positive results.

Regolith thickness is considered as a contributing factor for the occurrence of landslides. Although, mostly it is ignored because of complex nature and as it requires more time and resources for investigation. This study aimed to appraise the role of regolith thickness on landslide distribution in the Muzaffarabad and surrounding areas, NW Himalayas. For this purpose regolith thickness samples were evenly collected from all the lithological units at representative sites within different slope and elevation classes in the field. Topographic attributes (slope, aspect, drainage, Topographic Wetness Index, elevation and curvature) were derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (12.5 m resolution). ArcGIS Model Builder was used to develop the regolith thickness model. Stepwise regression technique was used to explore the spatial variation of regolith thickness using topographic attributes and lithological units. The derived model explains about 88% regolith thickness variation. The model was validated and shows good agreement (70%) between observed and predicted values. Subsequently, the derived regolith model was used to understand the relationship between regolith thickness and landslide distribution. The analysis shows that most of the landslides were located within 1–5 m regolith thickness. However, landslide concentration is highest within 5–10 m regolith thickness, which shows that regolith thickness played a significant role for the occurrence of landslide in the studied area.

The tectonic study based on geophysical data has been carried out in Sub-Himalayas in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and northern Pakistan. A series of thin skinned and thick skinned faults have been delineated in the investigated area on the basis of present study. In the study area compressional stresses caused by the collisional of Indian and Eurasian plates developed the northwestsoutheast trending faults which are Shaheed Gala thrust, Bagh basement fault, Kashmir boundary thrust and Kawai fault or Indus Kohistan seismic zone. The crustal thickness increases towards north due to the stacking of the thrust sheets along these faults. The Murree Formation thrusts over the Si- waliks molasse along the Shaheed Gala thrust. This fault dips at an angle of 43° northeast and joins the thick skinned Bagh basement fault in subsurface which are penetrated up to Moho depth. In the northeast of Bagh basement fault the northwest-southeast trending Kashmir boundary thrust has been delineated in the sedimentary-metasedimentary wedge which joins the Indus Kohistan seismic zone in the subsurface. The present study suggested that the Kawai fault which is running within Murree Formation cuts 16 km thick sedimentary-metasedimentary wedge and also joins the Indus Kohistan seismic zone in the subsurface.

This study explored the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in e-entrepreneurship education, focusing on its impact on personalized learning, skill development, and student engagement. Using the diffusion of innovations framework, it examined factors influencing AI adoption, including infrastructure, educator preparedness, and ethical concerns. Through semi-structured interviews with Gen Z learners and focus groups with educators and AI technologists, the research identified key challenges—AI complexity, resistance to change, and data privacy. The study demonstrated that AI tools, such as personalized learning systems and business simulations, enhance entrepreneurial training by providing adaptive learning and real-time feedback. It concluded with policy recommendations to ensure inclusive access, especially for underserved entrepreneurs and contributes to understanding AI's transformative potential in bridging Indonesia's digital skills gap.

This study investigated the intricate interplay of fear, knowledge, and power in shaping pandemic narratives, focusing specifically on the COVID-19 crisis through historical intertextuality and genealogy. Drawing upon Kristeva’s concept of intertextuality and Foucault’s genealogical approach, the research analysed recurring patterns in constructing and disseminating knowledge surrounding disease outbreaks from the Plague of Athens to the present day. Through examining symbols of fear across economic, political, and cultural-religious dimensions, the study revealed how pandemics have consistently served as arenas for power struggles, scapegoating, and ideological control. The COVID-19 pandemic, unfolding in a hyper-connected world characterized by globalized information systems and pervasive social media, amplified these historical dynamics, accelerating the spread of both fear and misinformation. Furthermore, the study traced the evolution of societal responses to pandemics, from the fatalistic acceptance prevalent in earlier eras to the contemporary recognition of human agency, now intertwined with digital networks and algorithmic control. Ultimately, this research underscored the enduring and complex relationship between fear, knowledge, and power, offering critical insights into pandemics’ societal and ethical challenges. By situating COVID-19 within a broader historical context, this study advocated for a more equitable and compassionate global response to future health crises.

Abstract The Jherruck block is located in Lower Indus Basin in district Thatta, Sindh province, Pakistan, which is a hydrocarbon producing province. Lower Indus Basin is underlain by infra-Cambrian to Recent clastics and carbonates. On the basis of seismic data (2 dip lines and 1 strike line) and well data (well tops) subsurface structure has been interpreted. Due to extensional regime normal faulting is present in the area, various horizons and faults have been identified and marked. The proven reservoir in the region is C-Sand which is also present in Jherruck block and has been interpreted. The interpretation of composite lines shows that Jherruck-B1 well has targeted the C-Sand horizon, as a targeted reservoir at a depth of 2454m which undergone gas-water contact level due to which the well had discovery and flowed for a day or more and then flowed water unexpectedly which is because the well was drilled in the gas water contact level, which is below 82 m from proposed well location as according to time and depth contour map closure and seismic composite line, hence this study suggests that the Jherruck block may have the potential to produce hydrocarbons but C-Sand should be targeted on the place where there is a closure present (at shallower depth), as there is a high probability of success rate.

The Jherruck block is located in Lower Indus Basin in district Thatta, Pakistan. The area is bounded in east by Indian Kutch Basin, in the west by Kirthar Fold Belt, in south by Arabian Sea and in north by Sindh monocline. Twenty seismic lines and four well logs have been used for subsurface structural interpretation and identification. Lower Sands which include Middle Sand, Upper Basal Sand and Lower Basal Sand have reservoir potential and have been interpreted on seismic sections to generate time and depth surface maps. Surface maps recognized that Jamali Deep-1 well was drilled at appropriate crestal location of the structure. Using depth surface maps Allan diagram have been constructed for fault seal analysis. Results revealed that the middle sand was juxtaposed against hanging wall of D-Sand and hydrocarbons moved up dip towards D- Sand. Crestal location of Upper Basal Sand on footwall was juxtaposed against hanging wall of middle sand which acts as conduit lithology for hydrocarbons movement. Despite being complete petroleum play the well was unsuccessful to produce because of these sands juxtaposition.

A resistivity investigation was directed to assure aquifer properties besides delineation of vulnerability in the Gujrat District and its surroundings areas of Punjab province, Pakistan using seventy-seven (77) Schlumberger array Vertical Electric Sounding (VES). The data was processed in IPI2WIN computer software for true resistivity and thickness of layers. The available borehole information demonstrates presence of best top clay, sandy clay, dry sandy soil and gravel. The prolific ground water zones (controlled by H-type resistivity curve) have been recognized in the north-eastern, southern and additionally western part of the study area. The thickness of aquifers fluctuates remarkably 20-210 m from place to place. The aquifer vulnerability map delineates the impermeability of overburden clay layer. Values < 0 mhos show poor to weak protective capacity zone with risk of defilements, while 0-5 mhos demonstrates good protective zones. The outcomes were additionally checked by anisotropy mapping and chemical investigation of well's water samples of the study area. The outcomes of anisotropy values show that Nither town and southern halves of the study area have a good protective capacity to infiltration while remaining area is vulnerable to infiltrating fluids. The water from this area is found polluted with chlorides, nitrates and sulphates salts.