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"Rutherford, Jane"
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Do Obese Children Perceive Submaximal and Maximal Exertion Differently?
We examined how obese children perceive a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test compared with a submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. Twenty-one obese children (body mass index ≥95th percentile, ages 10–17 years) completed maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness tests on 2 separate occasions. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and overall perceived exertion (Borg 15-category scale) were measured in both fitness tests. At comparable workloads, perceived exertion was rated significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test compared with the maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. The submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness test was significantly longer than the maximal test (14:21 ± 04:04 seconds vs. 12:48 ± 03:27 seconds, P < 0.001). Our data indicate that at the same relative intensity, obese children report comparable or even higher perceived exertion during submaximal fitness testing than during maximal fitness testing. Perceived exertion in a sample of children and youth with obesity may be influenced by test duration and protocol design.
Journal Article
Extracurricular Activity Involvement and Body Image in Youth with Obesity: The Mediating Role of Social Life
Abstract
Background:
Youth with severe obesity are vulnerable to body dissatisfaction. Extracurricular activity (ECA) involvement has been linked to positive social interactions and body image in community samples; however, these links remain to be tested in clinical samples of youth with severe obesity. The present study explored ECA involvement [both physical and nonphysical activities (PAs)] in a clinical sample of youth with obesity to determine whether ECA involvement was related to body image (appearance and weight esteem) and social life (i.e., social experiences with peers).
Methods:
Participants were 209 adolescents (Mean age = 15.05; 50.2% female) who completed a baseline assessment at a tertiary care weight management program.
Results:
Of the participants, 70.3% of youth reported participating in PAs, and 56.5% reported participating in non-PAs. As hypothesized, weight esteem and social life were higher in those who participated in PA vs. those who did not. Mediation analyses revealed that social life positively mediated the relationship between PA participation and weight esteem.
Conclusions:
Social life may be a mechanism by which PA participation is positively related to weight esteem in youth with severe obesity. Findings could inform weight management programs for youth with obesity who are at risk for social inclusion and body dissatisfaction.
Journal Article
Health trajectories of children with severe obesity attending a weight management program
Abstract
Purpose
The objective of the present study is to examine physical and mental health trajectories of change in youth with severe obesity attending a tertiary care weight management program. It was predicted that younger children would show favourable changes in body mass index (BMI), markers of cardiovascular health, quality of life, and mental health.
Methods
This 2-year longitudinal study examined health trajectories of children referred to a weight management program at a Canadian paediatric tertiary care centre from November 2010 to December 2013. Participants were 209 of 217 consecutive referred paediatric patients (families) aged 3 to 17 years who met criteria for severe obesity and consented to participate. To maximize generalizability of results, there were no exclusion criteria. Primary outcomes were children’s quality of life and BMI. Secondary outcomes included anxiety, depression, and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
Results
The findings suggest an improvement in mental health, quality of life, and cardiometabolic health of children and adolescents of all ages over the 2 years of programming. These positive findings were consistent across gender, age, and distance to the program. BMI trajectory changes varied across age cohorts such that younger children showed more favourable outcomes. The retention rate over the 2 years was high at 82.9%.
Conclusions
This is the first study to show improvements in both physical and mental health outcomes beyond 1 year in a tertiary care setting with a high-risk population of children and youth with severe obesity. Findings highlight the need to examine both mental and physical health outcomes beyond 1 year.
Journal Article
The Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Insulin Fibril Formation
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Insulin Fibril Formation The deposition of amyloid, insoluble fibrillar aggregate composed of normally soluble cellular proteins, is a major symptom of diseases such as Alzheimer's, type II diabetes and the spongiform encephalopathies. The deposits are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of these diseases but the mechanism by which normally soluble proteins are transformed into fibrillar aggregates is poorly understood. The hormone insulin has been shown to form similar fibrils on heating in acidic solution, and has been used previously as a model for amyloid. With this in mind, the formation of insulin fibrils in solution, as a model for amyloid fibril formation, was studied using a combination of calorimetric and kinetic techniques. At pH 2.0, the formation of fibrils from native bovine insulin is exothermic and shows a significant decrease in excess heat capacity. Pressure perturbation calorimetry (PPC) shows that the fibrils have a lower thermal expansion coefficient (α) than the native protein under the same conditions. This contrasts with the increase in heat capacity and expansion coefficient observed with thermally misfolded protein and non-fibrillar aggregates of control proteins. The kinetics of fibril formation, followed by differential scanning and isothermal calorimetry together with turbidometric and thioflavin T fluorescence methods, show the classic lag phase associated with nucleation-growth mechanisms. This is supported by seeding experiments involving the addition of pre-formed fibrils, which reduce the lag phase. Cyclodextrins inhibit the kinetics of fibrillation in a manner consistent with the anticipated interaction of these cyclic polysaccharides with hydrophobic groups on the insulin molecule. Overall, the thermodynamic data indicate that the molecular packing of polypeptides in insulin fibrils formed under these conditions is at least as dense as in the native fold.
Dissertation
Organisational cultures, patriarchal closure and women managers: in what ways do organisational cultures act as a means of patriarchal closure to exclude and/or marginalise women managers?
This research investigates the gendered aspects of organisational culture. Empirical studies of two organisations, both with distinctive divisional cultures were undertaken. Employing and extending the Weberian concept of social closure, I ask whether, and to what extent, different organisational cultures act as means of social closure to exclude and/or marginalise women managers. I design a research typology for studying gender and culture, consisting of gender awareness, management style, time management, public/private divide, informal socialising, and sexuality. I draw on several different theories of power to explain hierarchical gender relations in organisations. I found that a Weberian concept of legal rational authority is still relevant to organisational life, particularly leadership. The concept of discourse, as meaning what may be said at any one time, proved useful, particularly in illuminating the public/private divide. I argue that a concept of patriarchy is still vital for a feminist analysis of organisations and Gramsci's concept of hegemony helps explain why women are seemingly complicit in their own oppression. The research highlights the importance of an adequate definition of orgnisational culture in order to identify its exclusionary characteristics. Different constituents of culture may act to exclude women in different ways and in different areas, even where a strong equal opportunities policy exists. Key findings include the prevalence of sexual harassment even at senior levels and in'feminised' areas of work; the positive impact of a nonheterosexual culture on gender relations, and the importance of business demands on management style. At senior levels, long hours, informal socialising, management style, and the acceptance of a public/private divide act in combination or separately to marginalise and exclude women. Whilst women managers fare better in an equal opportunities organisation, men's resistance to women in organisations becomes more subtle as overt discrimination is outlawed.
Dissertation