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"Rutter, Ruth"
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Exploring the interplay between soil thermal and hydrological changes and their impact on carbon fluxes in permafrost ecosystems
Accelerated warming of the Arctic can affect the global climate system by thawing permafrost and exposing organic carbon in soils to decompose and release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. We used a process-based biosphere model (DVM-DOS-TEM) designed to simulate biophysical and biogeochemical interactions between the soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. We varied soil and environmental parameters to assess the impact on cryohydrological and biogeochemical outputs in the model. We analyzed the responses of ecosystem carbon balances to permafrost thaw by running site-level simulations at two long-term tundra ecological monitoring sites in Alaska: Eight Mile Lake (EML) and Imnavait Creek Watershed (IMN), which are characterized by similar tussock tundra vegetation but differing soil drainage conditions and climate. Model outputs showed agreement with field observations at both sites for soil physical properties and ecosystem CO 2 fluxes. Model simulations of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) showed an overestimation during the frozen season (higher CO 2 emissions) at EML with a mean NEE of 26.98 ± 4.83 gC/m 2 /month compared to observational mean of 22.01 ± 5.67 gC/m 2 /month, and during the fall months at IMN, with a modeled mean of 19.21 ± 7.49 gC/m 2 /month compared to observation mean of 11.9 ± 4.45 gC/m 2 /month. Our results underscore the importance of representing the impact of soil drainage conditions on the thawing of permafrost soils, particularly poorly drained soils, which will drive the magnitude of carbon released at sites across the high-latitude tundra. These findings can help improve predictions of net carbon releases from thawing permafrost, ultimately contributing to a better understanding of the impact of Arctic warming on the global climate system.
Journal Article
Baseball and Beloved Community in the Memoirs and Poetry of E. Ethelbert Miller
Developing what I term a “baseball imaginary,” E. Ethelbert Miller invokes the national pastime in his memoirs and poetry as a vehicle for reckoning with antiblackness on the one hand and realizing the promise of beloved community on the other. Indeed, Miller has contributed more to the Black baseball literature corpus than any other writer, but his renderings of baseball have yet to receive the scholarly consideration they warrant—a critical gap this essay begins to fill.
Journal Article
Estimation of above- and below-ground ecosystem parameters for DVM-DOS-TEM v0.7.0 using MADS v1.7.3
The permafrost region contains a significant portion of the world's soil organic carbon, and its thawing, driven by accelerated Arctic warming, could lead to substantial release of greenhouse gases, potentially disrupting the global climate system. Accurate predictions of carbon cycling in permafrost ecosystems hinge on the robust calibration of model parameters. However, manually calibrating numerous parameters in complex process-based models is labor-intensive and is complicated further by equifinality – the presence of multiple parameter sets that can equally fit the observed data. Incorrect calibration can lead to unrealistic ecological predictions. In this study, we employed the Model Analysis and Decision Support (MADS) software package to automate and enhance the accuracy of parameter calibration for carbon dynamics within the coupled Dynamic Vegetation Model, Dynamic Organic Soil Model, and Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (DVM-DOS-TEM), a process-based ecosystem model designed for high-latitude regions. The calibration process involved adjusting rate-limiting parameters to accurately replicate observed carbon and nitrogen fluxes and stocks in both soil and vegetation. Gross primary productivity, net primary productivity, vegetation carbon, vegetation nitrogen, and soil carbon and nitrogen pools served as synthetic observations for a black spruce boreal forest ecosystem. To validate the efficiency of this new calibration method, we utilized model-generated synthetic and actual observations. When matching model outputs to observed data, we encountered difficulties in maintaining mineral soil carbon stocks. Additionally, due to strong interdependencies between parameters and target values, the model consistently overestimated carbon and nitrogen allocation to the stems of evergreen trees. This study demonstrates the calibration workflow, offers an in-depth analysis of the relationships between parameters and observations (synthetic and actual), and evaluates the accuracy of the calibrated parameter values.
Journal Article
Co-producing knowledge
Assessments of climate-change effects on ecosystem processes and services in high-latitude regions are hindered by a lack of decision-support tools capable of forecasting possible future landscapes. We describe a collaborative effort to develop and apply the Integrated Ecosystem Model (IEM) for Alaska and northwestern Canada to explore how climate change influences interactions among disturbance regimes, permafrost integrity, hydrology, and vegetation, and how these dynamics in turn influence resource management decisions. This process emphasizes co-production of knowledge among decision makers, scientists, major funders, partners, and stakeholders. We highlight research findings based on IEM applications in Arctic Alaska, as well as successes and challenges of the co-production process. The overall framework and lessons from our work with the IEM are relevant to other collaborative efforts outside the Arctic that aim to develop a decision-support tool or an undertaking of equivalent scope.
Journal Article
Troubled Inheritance Confronting Old Hierarchies in the New South
This memoir essay reflects on the legacy of my great-great grandfather, Claude Kitchin (1869–1923), a Democratic congressman who served in the House of Representatives from 1901–1923, and as the House majority leader for three terms, including during World War I. Recounting my childhood encounters with Kitchin’s portrait in my grandmother’s trailer and my early career as a teacher in the same North Carolina county where Kitchin disenfranchised black citizens, the essay describes the process of learning to use this shameful history as a catalyst for deepening my racial justice commitments. If we want to be part of the solution and not the continued problem of structural racism, I conclude, myself and other southern whites need to confront the horrors of our ancestral past and then consider how they endure (even within ourselves) in the present.
Journal Article
The Creative Recuperation of \Blind Tom\ Wiggins in Tyehimba Jess's Olio and Jeffery Renard Allen's Song of the Shank
This essay examines Tyehimba Jess's Pulitzer Prize-winning poetry collection Olio (2016) and Jeffery Renard Allen's acclaimed novel Song of the Shank (2014), focusing specifically on their creative recuperations of \"Blind Tom,\" a famed pianist who remained in bondage throughout a performance career that spanned the antebellum and postbellum periods. Citing and interpolating archival documents about \"Blind Tom,\" Olio and Song of the Shank denaturalize what Jennifer Stoever terms the \"sonic color line,\" whereby music and other forms of aural production became inextricably bound up with racial stratification. Through contrapuntal persona poems, which may be read vertically, horizontally, and diagonally, Jess also pays tribute to Tom's musical dexterity while implying the myriad possible interpretations of the musician's life and art. Alternatively, Allen's nonlinear novel makes use of free indirect discourse, not to reimagine Tom's interiority but instead to focalize the largely undocumented interior thoughts of those who controlled Tom's life, underscoring the famed musician's lack of agency and self-determination. Not purporting to recover the \"real\" Tom, Allen and Jess employ distinct but decidedly self-reflexive methodologies, suggesting the ways in which historical accounts are similarly constructed to emphasize particular perspectives and silence others. As they advance counternarratives to archival accounts of \"Blind Tom,\" Jess's Olio and Allen's Song of the Shank also elucidate cultural through-lines between the nineteenth century and our own time, especially unsettling teleological readings of the nation's steady progress toward racial equality.
Journal Article
Contested Lineages: Fred Moten, Terrance Hayes, and the Legacy of Amiri Baraka
[...]Angles of Ascent's authority stems in part from Rowell himself, a towering figure in African American literature, not least because of his decades-long tenure as editor of the journal Callaloo. [...]while we applaud Angles of Ascent's contribution to African American literary studies, we must also propose addendums to the genealogy Rowell advances therein, lest scholars and students (not to mention poets) unknowingly accept the notion of Baraka's absence from twenty-first-century poetry-a site where he is no longer physically present, but over which his indomitable spirit nonetheless presides.
Journal Article
Becoming an Antiracist in the Multiethnic Literature Classroom
Antiracism has become an especially salient concept not only in the body politic but also in multiethnic U.S. literature. This chapter argues that professors teaching in predominantly white institutions (PWIs) are also well-positioned to make the mechanisms of white supremacy legible, approaching contemporary Black literary and cultural texts as catalysts for, among other aesthetic and cultural insights, becoming antiracist. Building on critical race scholarship by Derald Wing Sue, bell hooks, and Ibram X. Kendi, among others, I offer two brief pedagogical case studies via Jordan Peele’s tour de force Get Out (2017) and Kiley Reid’s novel Such a Fun Age (2019)--works that utilize a Black gaze in ways that debunk myths of white innocence and neutrality. The chapter concludes by underscoring the instructional value of contemporary African American literature for developing antiracist commitments, recognizing the distinct roles students and professors play in dismantling systems of oppression, both in and outside the classroom.
Book Chapter