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"Rynn, Christopher"
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Craniofacial identification
\"The promotion of CCTV surveillance and identity cards, along with ever heightened security at airports, immigration control and institutional access, has seen a dramatic increase in the use of automated and manual recognition. In addition, several recent disasters have highlighted the problems and challenges associated with current disaster victim identification. Discussing the latest advances and key research into identification from the face and skull, this book draws together a wide range of elements relating to craniofacial analysis and identification. It examines all aspects of facial identification, including the determination of facial appearance from the skull, comparison of the skull with the face and the verification of living facial images. With sections covering the identification of the dead and of the living, it provides a valuable review of the current state of play along with the latest research advances in this constantly evolving field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Nose profile morphology and accuracy study of nose profile estimation method in Scottish subadult and Indonesian adult populations
This study investigated nose profile morphology and its relationship to the skull in Scottish subadult and Indonesian adult populations, with the aim of improving the accuracy of forensic craniofacial reconstruction. Samples of 86 lateral head cephalograms from Dundee Dental School (mean age, 11.8 years) and 335 lateral head cephalograms from the Universitas Padjadjaran Dental Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia (mean age 24.2 years), were measured. The method of nose profile estimation based on skull morphology previously proposed by Rynn and colleagues in 2010 (FSMP 6:20–34) was tested in this study. Following this method, three nasal aperture-related craniometrics and six nose profile dimensions were measured from the cephalograms. To assess the accuracy of the method, six nose profile dimensions were estimated from the three craniometric parameters using the published method and then compared to the actual nose profile dimensions.In the Scottish subadult population, no sexual dimorphism was evident in the measured dimensions. In contrast, sexual dimorphism of the Indonesian adult population was evident in all craniometric and nose profile dimensions; notably, males exhibited statistically significant larger values than females. The published method by Rynn and colleagues (FSMP 6:20–34, 2010) performed better in the Scottish subadult population (mean difference of maximum, 2.35 mm) compared to the Indonesian adult population (mean difference of maximum, 5.42 mm in males and 4.89 mm in females).In addition, regression formulae were derived to estimate nose profile dimensions based on the craniometric measurements for the Indonesian adult population. The published method is not sufficiently accurate for use on the Indonesian population, so the derived method should be used. The accuracy of the published method by Rynn and colleagues (FSMP 6:20–34, 2010) was sufficiently reliable to be applied in Scottish subadult population.
Journal Article
Discriminant analysis of mandibular measurements for the estimation of sex in a modern Brazilian sample
The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of mandibular measurements for sex determination in a Brazilian population. The sample was composed of 100 mandibles, of which 53 were female and 47 were male, and the average age was 57.03 years. The mandible measurement protocol was composed of 15 measurements, of which six were bilateral and nine were unique. Mandibles were directly measured using a digital caliper and a protractor. The descriptive analysis of the present study revealed higher mean values for male mandibles compared to those for female mandibles with the exception of the left mandibular angle. Among the 21 measures analyzed in this group, 15 were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Univariate discriminant analyses produced a mean percentage of correct predictions that varied between 49 and 79%. The association of variables increased the percentage of correct prediction of sex to vary from 76 to 86%. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that the best variable for estimating sex was bigonial breadth (BGB; area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.764) followed by the right maximum ramus height (MRHr; AUC = 0.763). A reference table for estimating sex in a Brazilian population using mandible measurements was developed based on the ROC curve analysis. Mandibular measures provide a simple and reliable method for sex discrimination in Brazilian adults due to the sexual dimorphism revealed by analysis of the metric variables and the satisfactory results demonstrated by discriminant formulas, ROC curve analysis, and the reference table.
Journal Article
Craniofacial Identification
The promotion of CCTV surveillance and identity cards, along with ever heightened security at airports, immigration control and institutional access, has seen a dramatic increase in the use of automated and manual recognition. In addition, several recent disasters have highlighted the problems and challenges associated with current disaster victim identification. Discussing the latest advances and key research into identification from the face and skull, this book draws together a wide range of elements relating to craniofacial analysis and identification. It examines all aspects of facial identification, including the determination of facial appearance from the skull, comparison of the skull with the face and the verification of living facial images. With sections covering the identification of the dead and of the living, it provides a valuable review of the current state of play along with the latest research advances in this constantly evolving field.
eBook
Facial Reconstruction
Facial reconstruction, also known as facial approximation (Clement and Marks, 2006), has been used by law enforcement agencies and archaeologists for decades to provoke a recognition reaction from the public to aid in identification of an unidentified skull, or to visualize the faces of historical figures. Though familiar to many, the accuracy of the process remains a source of debate. The viewer of a facial reconstruction should understand that it is not necessarily an exact portrait, but rather a representation or likeness of the individual as they might have appeared in life based on information derived from the skull. In a forensic context, the intention is to generate leads: thus it is intelligence rather than evidence. Positive identification will ultimately rely upon DNA, fingerprint, or odontological comparison to records obtained by following up these leads. While research continues to lead to better and more accurate approaches for forensic facial reconstruction, it still provides a useful tool today for law enforcement investigators where no other leads are available. For archaeologists, it may provide the only means of visualizing an individual with a reasonable level of accuracy.
Book Chapter
Relationships between the skull and face
IntroductionCraniofacial reconstruction (CFR) and approximation (CFA) are among terms commonly used to describe the procedure of predicting and recreating a likeness of an individual face based on the morphology of the skull (Gerasimov, 1955; Krogman and İşcan, 1986; Wilkinson, 2004). A variety of methods exist, most of which employ averaged tissue-depth data at various landmarks of the skull, and feature prediction guidelines to estimate the morphology of the eyes, nose, mouth and ears. Some methods also entail interpretation of general and local skull morphology to predict individual muscles of mastication and facial expression. This chapter will describe craniofacial patterns, and discuss anatomical and morphological interrelationships between the skull and the face, such as may be useful in craniofacial reconstruction.A key principle of anatomy is that structure is inextricably related to function. Every organ, indeed every organelle in every cell in every biological organism, has been gradually evolving its way into a functional niche through the process of natural selection over innumerable generations. The human head is anatomically and architecturally fascinating because of the wide range of functions carried out by its constituent parts. Organs dedicated to four of the five special senses are housed in the craniofacial complex: the eyes (vision), the inner, middle and outer ears (audition/balance), the mouth and oropharynx (gustation/mastication/respiration/verbalisation) and the nasopharyngeal airway (olfaction/respiration), and the functionality of each is responsible in part for the structure of the head and face. The eyes of a child appear much larger and further apart than those of an adult; of course, this is only relative to the rest of the face, but the eyes must develop to a certain level, and thus a certain size, in order to function, and must be a certain distance apart for effective binocular vision, so this structural arrangement is set up early and maintained throughout development. However, the nose, mouth and lower face change shape quite drastically between infancy and adulthood, but remain functional throughout development via a series of compensatory mechanisms involving the entire craniofacial complex.
Book Chapter
Sympathetic responses to repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation
Purpose
Electromagnetic fields have been administered, with mixed success, in order to treat a variety of ailments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicits brief changes in peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (
r
TSMS) for acute and prolonged modulation of SNS in adult humans.
Methods
23 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to receive either
r
TSMS (figure-eight coil aligned with the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae; 10 Hz;
n
= 14, at 100% intensity of stimulator output) or sham stimulation (
n
=
13).
Results
Compared with sham,
r
TSMS did not affect skeletal muscle SNS activity (via microneurography) during the 60-s or 10-min period following stimulation.
r
TSMS also had no effect on R-to-R interval (RR
int
) and standard deviation of RR
int
(a marker of heart rate variability), blood pressure or plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin and glucose (condition/time interaction, all
P
> 0.10).
Conclusion
These data suggest that
r
TSMS does not influence SNS in adults. While
r
TSMS represents a novel application of TMS technology, further study and perhaps modification of the technique is required before use in clinical studies of peripheral SNS function.
Journal Article
Long-Term Sertraline Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of sertraline 50–200 mg once-daily in children (6–11 year olds) and adolescents (12–18 year olds) with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD)
Methods: This study consisted of a 24-week open-label observational study of children and adolescents who had completed either of two 10-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. The Children's Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R) was the primary measure of efficacy.
Results: Two hundred ninety nine (299) patients completed the acute studies and were eligible for the extension study. Of these, 226 enrolled, but 5 did not receive treatment. Of 221 patients (107 children and 114 adolescents), 62.4% completed the study. The endpoint mean daily dose was 109.9 mg/day. The mean decrease in CDRS-R score from double-blind baseline was 34.8 points (p < 0.001), with patients showing continued improvement in CDRS-R scores regardless of which treatment they received in the double-blind studies. At endpoint, 86% of patients met CDRS-R responder and 58% CDRS-R remitter criteria.
Conclusions: Sertraline appears to be well tolerated and safe over 24 weeks of treatment in children and adolescents with MDD. Children and adolescents treated with sertraline appear to have increased improvement over that seen in the first 10 weeks of treatment. These findings need confirmation in placebo-controlled studies.
Journal Article
Cross Section of Experience in SafeHull Applications
This paper provides information regarding the use of the ABS SafeHull program/criteria for review of tanker and bulk carrier structures. It focuses on the submittal and review processes as carried out by the classification society in an effort to address the needs of the client. Detailed examples are provided which illustrate the necessary information to be submitted and the results of a typical review. The paper demonstrates lessons learned from the reviews which have been performed to date. The paper also includes a brief discussion of future program developments.
Journal Article