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Fast detection and identification of microorganisms is a challenging and significant feature from industry to medicine. Standard approaches are known to be very time-consuming and labor-intensive (e.g., culture media and biochemical tests). Conversely, screening techniques demand a quick and low-cost grouping of bacterial/fungal isolates and current analysis call for broad reports of microorganisms, involving the application of molecular techniques (e.g., 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing based on polymerase chain reaction). The goal of this review is to present the past and the present methods of detection and identification of microorganisms, and to discuss their advantages and their limitations.

The increasing surface heat in metropolitan areas is one of the biggest issues, especially as natural surfaces are being replaced by impermeable concrete surfaces. This study uses Landsat data (1991–2022) to examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of LST and LULC in Jaipur, highlighting the impact of urban expansion and the city's semi-arid nature on the thermal landscape. We have used the maximum likelihood classifier for supervised LULC classification and the mono-window algorithm for retrieving LST. The evaluation is done using buffer analysis. Furthermore, to assess the interrelationship between LST and LULC indices (NDVI & NDBI), regression analysis is used. The CA-ANN model is employed to project LSTs of 2032 and 2042. The findings indicate that the built-up land in the study area grew by 52.80% from 1991–2022. Most of this expansion has come at the expense of agriculture/open land, and vegetation cover. The mean LST in the city has risen by 5.9 °C, with the inner zone (B1) increasing from 35.44 °C to 41.93 °C, indicating urbanisation-induced heat stress. In the outer zones (B5-B6), dry sandy and rocky soils contribute to elevated temperatures. Water bodies show the lowest LST, while open and barren lands have the highest. LST exhibit a positive correlation with NDBI and a weak negative correlation with NDVI. Predictions indicate that by 2042, about 99% of the urban landscape will encounter surface temperatures above 40 °C, with 28.79% exceeding 45 °C. Raised temperatures could exacerbate the UHI effect, leading to serious health and environmental concerns.

Weyl semimetals host chiral fermions with distinct chiralities and spin textures. Optical excitations involving those chiral fermions can induce exotic carrier responses, and in turn lead to novel optical phenomena. Here, we discover strong coherent terahertz emission from Weyl semimetal TaAs, which is demonstrated as a unique broadband source of the chiral terahertz wave. The polarization control of the THz emission is achieved by tuning photoexcitation of ultrafast photocurrents via the photogalvanic effect. In the near-infrared regime, the photon-energy dependent nonthermal current due to the predominant circular photogalvanic effect can be attributed to the radical change of the band velocities when the chiral Weyl fermions are excited during selective optical transitions between the tilted anisotropic Weyl cones and the massive bulk bands. Our findings provide a design concept for creating chiral photon sources using quantum materials and open up new opportunities for developing ultrafast opto-electronics using Weyl physics. Here, the authors report photon-energy-dependent terahertz emission and ultrafast photocurrents from the Weyl semimetal, TaAs. The polarization control of the emission is achieved by excitation of the photocurrents whose direction and magnitude depend on the polarization of the femtosecond optical pulses.

Understanding how local distortions determine the functional properties of high entropy materials, containing five or more elements at the same crystallographic site, is an open challenge. We address this for a compositionally complex spinel oxide (Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2 )Cr 2 O 4 ( A 5 Cr 2 O 4 ). By comparatively examining extended X-ray absorption fine structure on A 5 Cr 2 O 4 and its parent counterparts, A Cr 2 O 4, along with density functional theory calculations for multiple configurations, we find that the element-specific distortions go beyond the first neighbor. Specifically, the strong Jahn-Teller distortion present in CuCr 2 O 4 is found to be completely suppressed in A 5 Cr 2 O 4 even locally. Instead, there is a broad distribution of Cu-O and Cu-Cr bond distances, while other A -O distances acquire certain specific values. This study demonstrates the additional flexibility of a cationic sublattice in maintaining a uniform long-range structure, in contrast to previous reports showing only the accommodative anionic sublattice. The mean-field magnetic interactions of A 5 Cr 2 O 4 exhibit a striking resemblance to those of NiCr 2 O 4 , despite the presence of multiple magnetic ions and variable bond lengths. This originates from the comparability of bond lengths around Cr in both materials. Our study paves the way for a deeper understanding of the impact of local structural distortions on the physical properties of compositionally complex quantum materials. Understanding how local distortions affect the functional properties of high entropy materials remains an open challenge. This work found element-specific distortions beyond nearest neighbors and a flexible cationic sublattice in spinel oxides, linking mean-field magnetism to bond lengths.

Glucose plays a key role as energy source in the majority of mammals, but its importance in fish appears limited. Until now, the physiological basis for such apparent glucose intolerance in fish has not been fully understood. A distinct regulation of hepatic glucose utilization (glycolysis) and production (gluconeogenesis) may be advanced to explain the relative inability of fish to efficiently utilize dietary glucose. We summarize here information regarding the nutritional regulation of key enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinases, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and pyruvate kinase) and gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) pathways as well as that of the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. The effect of dietary carbohydrate level and source on the activities and gene expression of the mentioned key enzymes is also discussed. Overall, data strongly suggest that the liver of most fish species is apparently capable of regulating glucose storage. The persistent high level of endogenous glucose production independent of carbohydrate intake level may lead to a putative competition between exogenous (dietary) glucose and endogenous glucose as the source of energy, which may explain the poor dietary carbohydrate utilization in fish.

As a supporting factor, transportation is an important element of destination image that provides a base for the successful tourism industry. It is like the blood vessels of an area and is considered a determinant in developing a tourist destination. The article aims to characterize the status or problem of transportation accessibility in Kinnaur. GARMIN hand GPS (Global Positioning System) has been used to identify the damaged roads from their start to endpoints. In addition, a simple random sample technique has been used to register the opinion of 280 tourists about the transport facilities. Study results suggest that the bad condition of National Highway-22 is one of the barriers to tourism development in Kinnaur. There were no significant differences found between the selected destinations. Overall, the district headquarters, Kalpa, has been perceived significantly higher agreements by tourists. The government should ensure that the Border Road Organization, the organization entrusted with the responsibility of construction and maintenance of roads in international border areas, has sufficient resources to invest in transport development and its maintenance.

Given the enormous and rising global need for permanent magnet supply, even minor enhancements to the magnetic characteristics and economic viability of permanent magnet materials could result in significant energy and financial savings. In this work, the experimental conditions were optimized in order to produce barium hexaferrite (BaFe 12 O 19 ) substituted with transition elements (Co and Mn) through chemical co-precipitation method. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) were used to reveal the structure, morphology and vibrational spectrum of the sample. The site preference for cobalt and manganese was estimated using Rietveld refinement of the XRD spectrum. It is obvious that Co and Mn occupied two crystallographic inequivalent sites, 4f 2 and 4f 1 respectively. Investigation of magnetic properties (VSM) at room temperature showed that as Co and Mn concentrations increase, saturation magnetization and retentivity increase, but coercivity decreases. At higher substitution concentrations, the behavior is the inverse. The possible reasons for these behaviors were discussed. The close correlation between site selection by the dopant and magnetic properties is also demonstrated.

Background Grain amaranth has recently gained global attention as a promising crop alternative to traditional cereals due to its nutritional value and adaptability to various growing conditions. Although gene banks conserve extensive collections of amaranth germplasm, the genomic and phenotypic characterization of these resources is limited, which hinders their full utilization in breeding programs. A major challenge is the lack of high-throughput genotyping assays essential for comprehensive genomic characterization and trait mapping. High-density SNP arrays have become standard tools for genome-wide analysis across multiple loci, enabling molecular breeding across a range of crop species. Results In this study, we developed a 64 K high-throughput SNP genotyping array named “AmahySNP”, using Affymetrix ® Axiom ® technology. The array contains 64,069 high-density SNPs distributed across both genic (55.17%) and non-genic (44.83%) regions of the Amaranthus hypochondriacus genome. The genic region includes 8,879 genes, which consist of 4,830 single-copy genes and 4,049 multi-copy genes distributed across 16 scaffolds. These genes cover various functional regions, including exons (10.5%), introns (40.1%), 5’UTRs (1.6%), and 3’UTRs (2.9%), respectively. The AmahySNP array was effectively utilized for population structure analysis, genetic diversity studies, core development, and genome wide association studies (GWAS) in amaranth germplasm. A representative core set of 112 accessions was identified, which includes two released varieties (Annapurna and Suvarna) and 100 diverse accessions from 12 different regions, representing 12% of the total 917 accessions evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major genetic clusters, independent of their geographical origins. GWAS conducted using 22,763 polymorphic SNPs from 540 genotypes identified 13 novel loci associated days to flowering (DTF) trait, seven of which were located within annotated genes. Conclusions The AmahySNP 64 K SNP chip a valuable genomic tool for amaranth research and breeding with a strong potential to accelerate its genetic improvement. It enables high-throughput genotyping for a wide range of applications, including GWAS and other genomic studies, and will significantly advance the exploration of natural genetic variations. Ultimately, this resource will empower amaranth breeders to develop improved amaranth cultivars with enhanced crop yield, resilience, and nutritional quality, contributing to global food security and sustainable agriculture.

Buildings significantly contribute to global energy consumption and CO2 emissions, a challenge intensified by climate change. Optimizing building geometry and orientation is critical for reducing energy use, yet often overlooked in early design stages. ducting a systematic review of existing literature and highlighting existing research gaps. The objective is to map key trends, design strategies, limitations, and influential parameters through a bibliometric analysis of research on optimizing geometry and orientation for energy reduction, with the aim of informing climate-responsive and energy-efficient building practices. The methodology involved a systematic review. Using the PRISMA framework, 374 SCOPUS-indexed publications were initially identified, from which 20 relevant studies were selected for in-depth analysis. Bibliometric mapping, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and visualizations were conducted using VOS viewer and Science-Scape to reveal research trends, key design strategies, and methodological patterns. The findings reveal that commonly studied geometries include alphabetical shapes (I, H, T, Y) and polygonal forms (square, rectangular, circular, hexagon), with some studies exploring repeated modules or location-specific typologies. Multi-objective optimization and simulation-based tools dominate the research landscape, but significant gaps remain regarding high-rise buildings, climate diversity, and holistic performance metrics. Notably, there is an overemphasis on operational energy, with limited attention to thermal comfort, contextual integration, and life-cycle impacts. The study emphasizes the need for broader geographic coverage, integration of human-centric metrics, and early-stage, context-sensitive design strategies to improve building resilience and energy efficiency.