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The objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphisms of three loci (SEMA3E, GH and TLX) that related with growth traits in local quail. A total of 720 birds (males and females) from three lines (desert, brown and white) were used. The results revealed that the effects of the line were significant on bird body weight and carcass weight and dressing percentage at 180 days at age. The Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) value overall birds for body weight was ranged from -9.2173 to 10.0117, these results showed there were significant differences among high and low BLUP value groups in three quail lines under study. The PCR-RFLP results overall three lines showed that there were three, three and two alleles for SEMA3E, TLX and GH locus, respectively. This alleles gives twelve differences genotypes, the desert male quail with ACABAA genotype and desert female quail with AAABAA genotype (high group) for three loci under study give significantly higher body and carcass weight compared with another groups.  In conclusion results showed that there are agreements between BLUP values with PCR-RFLP results to select best birds and the selection process with molecular technique can play a major positive and rapid role to improve and increase growth traits in these lines of local quail in Iraqi Kurdistan region.

In this study, the effect of two water-reducer polymers with smooth and rough surfaces on the workability, and the compression strength of concrete from an early age (1 day) up to 28 days of curing was investigated. The polymer contents used in this study varied from 0 to 0.25% (wt%). The initial ratio between water and cement ( w c ) was 60%, and it slowly reduced to 0.46 by increasing the polymer contents. The compression strength of concrete was increased significantly with increasing the polymer contents by 24–95% depending on the polymer type, polymer content, w c , and curing age. Because of a fiber net (netting) in the concrete when the polymers were added which leads to a decrease void between the particles, binding the cement particles, therefore, increased rapidly the viscosity for the fresh concrete and the compression strength of the hardened concrete. This study also aims to establish systematic multiscale models to predict the compression strength of concrete containing polymers and to be used by the construction projects with no theoretical restrictions. For that purpose, 88 concrete samples modified with two types of polymer (44 samples for each modification) has been tested, analyzed, and modeled. Linear, nonlinear regression, M5P-tree, and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches were used for the qualifications. In the modeling process, the most relevant parameters affect the strength of concrete, i.e., polymer incorporation ratio (0–0.25% of cement’s mass), water-to-cement ratio (0.46–0.6), and curing ages (1–28 days). Among the used approaches and based on the training data set, the model made based on the nonlinear regression, ANN, and M5P-tree models seem to be the most reliable models. The sensitivity investigation concludes that the curing time is the most dominating parameter for the prediction of the maximum stress (compression strength) of concrete with this dataset.

This study was aimedto characterize by using two genetic groups of chickens, which were Kurdish indigenous chickens (KK) and commercial Super Harco chickens which bred particularly for dualpurpose (SS),Four combinations were produced by diallel crossing between the two genotypes which are (KK, KS, SK, and SS).. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GH genes were identified between genotypes. Additionally, assessment oftheir belong to genotypes relationships with growth efficiency (body weight (BW) at hatching and 3,6,9, 12 weeks of age was carried on. The four genotypes were detected by using polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques by specific primers and restrictase for GH gene.Our data showed that the AA genotype had more values in KK and SK chickens while AB genotype were more in values in KS. The genotype BB was only more in SS (0.56) birds and no values in KK (0.04), KS (0.25) and SK (0.09) birds. The analysis of chi-square test indicated that SK, SS, males and femaleswhich arein (HWE) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05). The statistical analysis showed that significantcorrelations (p < 0.05) between the GH and the following parameters: BW at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age, it was determined that the hetrozygotes AB genotype values were superior in BW (39.00± 0.37 kg) and (38.50± 0. 70 kg) in KS * Male and KS * Female respectively at hatching. On the other hand, KK * Female with AA genotype had the lowest body weight (31.60e ± 0.50, 219.00e ± 2.45, 456.60g ± 1.64, 752.00e ± 1.70 and 1087.00g ± 1.48) kg at day one, 3,6,9 and 12 weeks of age respectively compared to other genotypes. Based on the findings of this study, we proposed that in pure and crosses lines chicken population selection programs, a candidate gene marker for chicken growth characteristics could be the GH gene. تهدف دراسة استخدام نوعين من الدجاج وهما الدجاج المحلي الكردي(KK) ودجاج سوبر هاركو التجاري ثنائي الغرض (SS) ، في نظام خلط تبادلي لغرض إنتاج أربع مجموعات(SS، SK ، KS، KK) للكشف عن تعدد أشكال النوكليوتيدات المفردة (SNPs) في جين GH ، وكذلك ارتباطها بأداء النمو (وزن الجسم (BW) عندعمر0 و 21 و 6 و 9 و 12اسبوعا). تم الكشف عن الأنماط الجينية باستخدام طرق تعدد الأشكال لتفاعل سلسلة البلمرة المتسلسل وتقنية(PCR-RFLP) مع بادئات محددة لجين GH. واوضحت النتائج بانالتركيب الوراثيAA أكثرقيمة في دجاج KK و SK بينما كان التركيب الوراثي AB أكثر القيمة في KS. كان التركيب الوراثي BB أعلى فقط في طيورSSوهو((0.56 وليس لها قيمة في طيورKK((0.04 وKS(0.25) وSK(0.09). وان نتائج اختبار مربعكايبأن SK ، SS ،في الذكور والإناث كانوا في توازن هاردي-واينبرغ (HWE) (p<0.05). إما بالنسبة للتحليل الإحصائي بان هنالك يوجد ارتباطات معنوية (p<0.05) بين GHوالصفة وزن الجسمBWعند عمر0 و 3 و 6 و 9 و 12اسبوعا، وبينبأن قيم التركيب الوراثي AB كانت متفوقة في وزن جسم(39.00 ± 0.37) كجم و((38.50± 0. 70 كجم في KS * ذكر و KS * أنثى على التوالي عند الفقس. من ناحية أخرى ، فانKK * للإناث مع التركيب الوراثي AA أقل وزن للجسمفي جميع الاعمارمقارنة بالتراكيب الوراثية الأخرى. بناءً على نتائج هذه الدراسة ، نستنتجبان يمكننا استخدام جين GHكماشر جينية للصفات نمو في الدجاج  عن طريق برامج انتخاب عشائر الدجاج النقي وخليط ، بينما هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من البحث لصفات وزن الجسم.

In this study, the effect of three types of powder polymer water reducer (WR) superplasticizer on the fluidity, rheological properties, density and mechanical properties of cement were investigated. The behavior of cement paste in the liquid phase and hardened phase modified with polymers up to 0.25% (by dry weight of cement) were studied. The amount of mixing water was reduced and varied between 20% - 58%. The Vipulanandan model was used to predict the water to cement ratio (w/c) of cement. The flowability, compressive strength, and density at different curing times were increased with increasing the polymer content. Three different brand of water reducer (WR) powder polymer increased the apparent viscosity of the cement paste; the viscosity was varied between 135 cP and 652 cP based on the type of polymer, polymer content, temperature, and water to cement ratio (w/c). Using of 0.25% of polymers to the cement increased the compressive strength of the cement paste by 127% to 426% based on the types of polymer, polymer content, and water to cement ratio (w/c) and curing time. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of each polymer contents, w/c and curing time on the compressive strength of cement paste.

This study was aimed to assess the impact of genetic groups (comprising three distinct lines of Kurdish quails, which are desert, brown, and white), graded levels of L-carnitine and their interaction on the performance of growth traits and blood parameters. For this purpose, the same basic diet was given to 480 Kurdish quail chicks one day old, which was then supplemented for two to seven weeks of age with 0 (control), 150, 350, or 550 mg of L-carnitine per kg of diet. The statistical analysis showed that the lines, L-carnitine supplementation, and their interaction had a significant (p≤0.01) impact on the Kurdish quail's blood parameters, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight, and body weight gain. The desert lines exhibited significantly higher growth performance values in all weeks. Furthermore, supplementation with 350 and 550 mg/kg L-carnitine throughout the experimental period significantly improved these characteristics compared to the control group, with the other experimental treatment (150 mg L-carnitine/kg diet) having the highest values. As well as for the interacted groups, the desert lines with diet of 350 mg/kg L-carnitine had significant influence on body weight, and weight gain. On the other hand, the white lines with a diet of 350 mg/kg L-carnitine showed significantly (P≤0.01) better feed intake and better feed conversion ratio than all other treatments in the same period. It was concluded that L-carnitine supplementation at 350 and 550 mg/kg was sufficient to improve growth characteristics and blood parameters in Kurdish quail lines.

The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the effect of silica fume content (SF), water–cement-ratio (w/c) and curing time (t) on the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete at different strength ranges varied from 4 to 100 MPa. In this study, over 1000 data were used to characterize the compressive and tensile strengths behavior. The range of w/c for modified concrete with different percentage of silica fume up to 40% (by dry weight of cement) was in the range of 0.17–0.80%, compressive and tensile strengths were in the range of 4–100 MPa, and 1–7 MPa, respectively. Vipulanandan model correlated the relationship between mechanical properties of concrete modified with SF with a varied range of w/c and curing time and the result were compared with the Hoek–Brown correlation model used in the literature. Based on the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE) the compressive strength (σ c ), tensile strength (σ t ) of concrete as a function of w/c, percentage of silica fume and curing time using nonlinear (NLM) relationship quantified very well. Based on the NLM parameters, the effect of SF was less than w/c and curing time on the compressive strength of modified concrete with SF in different strength range. According to the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE), the Vipulanandan correlation model and Hoek–Brown model both are very close in predicting the mechanical behavior of concrete modified with SF for normal and high strengths concrete (NSC and HSC).

This research is focused on the impact of three types of polycarboxylate polymer (PCE) on the plastic properties such as setting time of cement and slump of concrete and also, to assess their effects on compressive strength (CS) and concrete density. The percentage of each type of polymer ranged from 0 to 0.25% (by weight of cement). The slump test and CS results of concrete modified with polymers were compared with the silica fume concrete used in the literature. The water to cement ratio (w/c) initially was 0.60 and decreased gradually to 0.46 by increasing the polymer dosage. The CS of concrete modified with 0.25% of polymers increased by 24% and 97% based on the polymer type, polymer content, w/c and curing age. Non-linear regression analysis was used to model the compressive strength of concrete modified with three types of the polymer as a function of polymer content, w/c, and curing time. Based on the literature data and results of this study, it found that the polymers are more effective than silica fume on enhancing the workability and CS of concrete.

This study was carried out to analyze the impact of lines, egg shell colour and intraction between (Line ⁎ eggshell colours) on egg quality characteristics and hatching parameters assess the correlation between these traits in three local quail eggs (desert, brown and white). A total of 409 eggs were collected from female quails during 16 weeks divided into five groups on the basis of eggshell colour and spot colour for each line. The results revealed  that there were significant (P≤0.05) variances among lines for quality characteristics of the whole egg (weight, length, width, Egg volume, Haugh unit), albumen (weight, height, diameter), yolk (weight, height, index, Yolk/albumen) and shell (weight, thickness, egg surface area, unit surface). The desert line resulted in the best quality. The  results demonstrated that internal and external egg quality characters were differed significantly among egg shell colour. Whereas, yolk parameters such as: yolk weight, yolk height, Yolk diameter and Yolk percentage revealed no significance differences among these groups. Phenotypic correlation appeared that there were significant correlation coefficients among  the internal and external egg quality traits. The incubation characteristics, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, hatchability of set eggs and Chick hatching weight were significantly differences among eggshell colour groups within lines.

The aim of study was to investigate the potential candidate gene SEMA3E, TLX and GH and their association with the economic traits, which is becoming increasingly important in poultry breeding program. A total of 72 genomic DNA samples from three female local lines of quail including (desert, brown and white) were collected to determine the association of genes with reproduction trait using PCR-RFLP Technique. According to growth performance the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) value in selected females for high (H) and low (L) production traits was ranged from -9.2173 to 0.3827. This value is used to estimate body weight at first egg (BWFE), age at first egg (AFE), weight at first egg (WFE), Egg number per Bird (ENPH), Average egg weight (EWTA), and hen day (HD) in three lines. The results indicate that there was a wide intra specific SEMA3E, TLX and GH variability among these local quails which identifying twelve differences genotypes. The identified genotypes for all genes had a significantly (P<0.05) affected on the reproduction trait during first 150 days. The quail’s genotype AAABAA always exhibited the largest body weight at first egg in desert H line, while L line of white was greater in Egg number per bird and hen day of the genotype ACCCAC. No significant associations were observed between all loci and age at first egg trait among local quails. The results indicate that there are agreements between BLUP values with PCR-RFLP results to achieve a favorable selection response in reproductive performance of local quail in Kurdistan region, Iraqi.

تم إجراء تجربة لتقييم النسبة الخصوبة و الفقس ووزن البيض و إنتاج البيض من ثلاثة خطوط مختلفة من السمان المحلي. و مع استخدام 945 بيضة (334، 321 و 290 من كل للصحراء و البني و الأبيض، على التوالي)، عند عمر 20 أسبوعًا من خلال هذه الدراسة. ينتج السمان الأبيض بشكل كبير عند مستوى (P≤0.05) وله أعلى وزن بيض (12.79 ± 0.08 جم)، وزن الكتاكيت (8.89 ± 0.02 جم)، نسبة الهلاكات (2.34 ± 0.70٪) و إنتاج بيض الطير (79.33 ± 0.98٪) مقارنة مع السمان المحلية الأخرى. في حين أن السمان البني المحلي لديه نسب عالية (P≤0.05) من الخصوبة و الفقس التي بلغ متوسطها 79.11 و 86.80 ٪، على التوالي. في حين وجد ارتفاع في العدد الإجمالي للبيض و انخفاض في نسبة الهلاكات (0.93 ± 0.40 ٪) في السمان الصحراوي المحلي. وقد لاحظ بأن وجود أرتباط وراثي موجب معنوية (P≤0.001) بين وزن البيض ووزن أفراخ، و الخصوبة و الفقس، ووصل وزن البيض و نسبة الفقس إلى 0.276 و 0.180 و 0.872 على التوالي. ولم توجد أية فروق معنوية (ارتباط وراثي السالب) بين وزن الافراخ مع كل من الخصوبة و الفقس. توضح هذه النتائج وجود تباين كبير في الأداء إنتاجي بين السمانات المحلية الثلاثة، و أشارت نتائج الدراسة أن عملية الانتخاب بين هذه الأنواع من الطيور يمكن أن تلعب دورًا رئيسيًا في تسريع و زيادة السمات الاقتصادية للسمان المحلي في إقليم كردستان العراق. An experiment was conducted to evaluate fertility, hatchability, egg weight and egg production traits from three different lines of local quails. A total number of 945 eggs (334, 321 and 290 for desert, brown and white, respectively), from 20 weeks of age were used in the study. White quail significantly (P≤0.05) produce higher egg weight (12.79 ± 0.08 g), chicks' weight (8.89± 0.02 g), percentage of mortality (2.34 ± 0.70 % ) and Hen-day egg production (79.33 ± 0.98 % ) comparing with other local quails. While local brown quail have significantly (P≤0.05) higher percentages of fertility and hatchability which averaged 79.11 and 86.80% , respectively. The higher total number of egg and low mortality percentage (0.93 ± 0.40 % ) were recorded for desert local quail. The significant positive correlation (P≤0.001) were observed between the eggs weight and chick weight, fertility and hatchability, eggs weight and hatchability were arrived 0.276, 0.180 and 0.872, respectively. But non significant negative correlation recorded between chick weight with both of fertility and hatchability. These results show that there are good among of variance in performance production among different local quails, its means the selection process among these types of bird can play major role to speed up and increasing the economical traits of local quail in Iraqi Kurdistan region.