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إدوارد سعيد : سيرة فكرية
يركز مؤلفا الكتاب، الصادر مؤخرا عن دار الرافدين والذي ترجمه سهيل نجم، على محاولات سعيد المضنية لإعادة الاعتبار لصورة المثقف التي تعرضت بفعل (فاعل) للاهتزاز والتشويه. فقد دأبت السلطات الحاكمة في غرب ما بعد الكولونيالية على عزل المثقفين عن أي دور سياسي واجتماعي تغييري، مشجعة فكرة الناقد والمثقف المتخصص وعبادة الخبرة الاحترافية والإنتاج المعرفي المحض. ولقد واجه سعيد بكل قواه محاولة حصر المثقفين في محترفات أكاديمية منعزلة تماما عن حركة المجتمعات وعن الحياة التي تدور في الخارج، بحيث (تخلى النقد المعاصر عن جمهوره من مواطني المجتمع الحديث الذين تركوا بين أيدي قوى السوق الحرة والشركات المتعددة الجنسيات) وإذ يحاول المفكر المنخرط أكثر فأكثر في قضايا شعبه الفلسطيني الإفادة من تفكيكية فوكو ومن مقولة غرامشي حول المثقف العضوي، يأخذ على البنيوية بالمقابل عزلها للنصوص عن سياقها التاريخي ودلالاتها الاجتماعية ويوسع من جهة أخرى هامش الحرية المتروك للمبدعين المشتغلين في قضايا الأدب والفن وجماليات التعبير ولما كان حقل النقد عنده ليس منحصرا بتطوير النظريات الأسلوبية والأدبية بل هو في الوقت ذاته انشغال سياسي واجتماعي، فهو يلخص اقتراحه على النقد بمصطلح دنيوية الناقد The worldliness of the Critic، حيث إن من واجب هذا الأخير أن يخترق البنية الدلالية للنص بحثا عما يشغل النصوص من انهمام بالعالم وقضايا البشر ومعارضة قوى الهيمنة والاستحواذ : وهو لا يمكن أن ينجح تماما إلا في ظل علاقة تفاعلية وإيجابية بين النص والقارئ والناقد. وسعيد المغرم بابتكار المصطلحات يطرح فكرة الناقد (الهاوي) بدلا من الناقد الاحترافي، لا بالمعنى التسطيحي للمفردة بل بمعنى الشغف الدائم بالبحث عن الحقيقة بدلا من اليقين الفظ بامتلاكها.
BOOK
Stochastic thermodynamics of relativistic Brownian motion
Physical scenarios that require a relativistic treatment are ubiquitous in nature, ranging from cosmological objects to charge carriers in Dirac materials. Interestingly all of these situations have in common that the systems typically operate very far from thermal equilibrium. Therefore, if and how the framework of stochastic thermodynamics applies at relativistic energies is a salient question. In the present work we generalize the notions of stochastic heat and work for the relativistic Langevin equation and derive the fluctuation theorems without and with feedback. For processes with feedback we consider the ramifications of the lack of simultaneity of events in the inertial frames of observer and Brownian particles, and we argue that the framework of absolute irreversibility is instrumental to avoid acausal considerations. The analysis is concluded with a few remarks on potential experimental applications in graphene.
Journal Article
Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability
Regional climate models for the Persian (Arabian) Gulf indicate that extremes of wet-bulb temperature—a measure of temperature and humidity—may exceed a critical threshold for human tolerance with implications for the future human habitability of the region.
A human body may be able to adapt to extremes of dry-bulb temperature (commonly referred to as simply temperature) through perspiration and associated evaporative cooling provided that the wet-bulb temperature (a combined measure of temperature and humidity or degree of ‘mugginess’) remains below a threshold of 35 °C. (ref.
1
). This threshold defines a limit of survivability for a fit human under well-ventilated outdoor conditions and is lower for most people. We project using an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model simulations that extremes of wet-bulb temperature in the region around the Arabian Gulf are likely to approach and exceed this critical threshold under the business-as-usual scenario of future greenhouse gas concentrations. Our results expose a specific regional hotspot where climate change, in the absence of significant mitigation, is likely to severely impact human habitability in the future.
Journal Article
On the coincidence of weather extremes and geopolitical conflicts: Risk analysis in regional food markets
Given the recent increase in geopolitical tensions between major agricultural producers and weather extremes, there is a likelihood that geopolitical conflict will occur simultaneously with weather extremes, leading to devastating production losses between the conflicting parties. These losses can affect the entire food supply chain, leading to food shortages and price increases in regional markets. This paper models the impact of these concurrent events on the global food market, using the Russian-Ukrainian war and the extreme heatwaves of summer 2022 as a case study. The model considers four war scenarios: the start of the invasion, the peak of the war, Ukraine’s resistance, sanctions against Russia, and refugee crises in Europe. Using data from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Statista, WITS, and Acclimate production value losses, the results show that the agricultural sectors of southern European countries such as France, Italy, and Spain were the most affected by the extreme events, although the direct impact of refugees was smaller compared to their northern counterparts. Strict sanctions against Russia coupled with Ukraine’s resistance will benefit EU food markets, but at the same time the agricultural sectors of smaller countries and weaker economies, particularly those of Russia’s allies, will be highly vulnerable. This study suggests that when developing and adopting conflict resolution strategies, their impact on weak economies should not be overlooked. An example of this policy recommendation is the continuous renewal of the Black Sea Grain Initiative to stabilize global food prices.
Journal Article
Exploring various metal-ligand coordination bond formation in elastomers: Mechanical performance and self-healing behavior
Dynamic covalent crosslinking such as disulfide bonds, Diels-Alder (DA) reactions are widely used for healing applications. Herein, we report a simple approach involving the metal-ligand reversible interactions in diverse nature, which helps in developing a robust and self-healable carboxylated nitrile (XNBR) rubber by employing low cost and the commercially obtainable materials. Self-healing performance and mechanical properties were organized by introducing the various metal-ligand domains into the XNBR rubber. The network of XNBR, in-situ cross-linked via metal-ligand complexes, consists of strong and weak coordination bonds. The strength of various metal-ligand modified coordination bonds, healing performance, and mechanical properties primarily depend on the type of metal ions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) makes the various metal-ligand coordination bond formation into the XNBR rubber visible. The coordination crosslinked XNBR rubber with 4 phr of Zn and Co metal ion exhibits high tensile strength (4.3±0.6 and 10.3±1.1 MPa) with excellent healing efficiency (100 and 88%), which is far higher than the most reported non-covalent supramolecular modified elastomers. The various metal-ligand coordination bonds are fully reconstructed during the rebuilding process and exhibiting excellent self-healing property.
Journal Article
Seismic site response study of Dhanbad city (India) using equivalent linear analysis complemented by horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios
We performed one dimensional equivalent linear site response analysis for 11 soil profiles of Dhanbad city. To explore the effect of subsoil on the induced effect of earthquakes at the ground surface, the site response analyses is complemented with shear wave velocity models found from destructive geotechnical as well as non-destructive geophysical surveys, such as standard penetration test (SPT) and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR). The bedrock depths obtained from shear wave velocity models, constructed from HVSR method, are validated using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Our results reveal that Dhanbad city consists of alluvium deposits, such as silty sand, sandy clay, silt + sand and sand + clay mixture. We used the 2015 Nepal (MHA = 0.15 g), 2016 Imphal (MHA = 0.18 g) and 2022 Nepal (MHA = 0.10 g) earthquakes as input motions at the bedrock level. Predominant frequency, soil thickness, surface PGA and Vs30 are found to follow a consistent trend relative to each other. The soil’s transfer function, obtained from site response analysis (SRA), correlates generally well with the peak’s predominant frequency of HVSR curves at all sites. The influence of input ground seismic motions on soil profiles is discussed, which shows that the soil deposit of Dhanbad city lies in a short period region. Our results would play an important role for Indian government agencies such as the Central Public Works Department (CPWD), Geological Survey of India (GSI) and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to mitigate earthquake effects and to plan better to build an earthquake resilient society.
Journal Article
Urban Modification of Thunderstorms
A radar-based climatology of 91 unique summertime (May 2000–August 2009) thunderstorm cases was examined over the Indianapolis, Indiana, urban area. The study hypothesis is that urban regions alter the intensity and composition/structure of approaching thunderstorms because of land surface heterogeneity. Storm characteristics were studied over the Indianapolis region and four peripheral rural counties approximately 120 km away from the urban center. Using radar imagery, the time of event, changes in storm structure (splitting, initiation, intensification, and dissipation), synoptic setting, orientation, and motion were studied. It was found thatmore than 60% of storms changed structure over the Indianapolis area as compared with only 25% over the rural regions. Furthermore, daytime convection was most likely to be affected, with 71% of storms changing structure as compared with only 42% at night. Analysis of radar imagery indicated that storms split closer to the upwind urban region and merge again downwind. Thus, a larger portion of small storms (50–200 km²) and large storms (>1500 km²) were found downwind of the urban region, whereas midsized storms (200–1500 km) dominated the upwind region. A case study of a typical storm on 13 June 2005 was examined using available observations and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), version 3.7.2. Two simulations were performed with and without the urban land use/Indianapolis region in the fourth domain (1.33-km resolution). The storm of interest could not be simulated without the urban area. Results indicate that removing the Indianapolis urban region caused distinct differences in the regional convergence and convection as well as in simulated base reflectivity, surface energy balance (through sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and virtual potential temperature changes), and boundary layer structure. Study results indicate that the urban area has a strong climatological influence on regional thunderstorms.
Journal Article
Comparative effects of A1 versus A2 beta-casein on gastrointestinal measures: a blinded randomised cross-over pilot study
Background/objectives:
At present, there is debate about the gastrointestinal effects of A1-type beta-casein protein in cows’ milk compared with the progenitor A2 type.
In vitro
and animal studies suggest that digestion of A1 but not A2 beta-casein affects gastrointestinal motility and inflammation through the release of beta-casomorphin-7. We aimed to evaluate differences in gastrointestinal effects in a human adult population between milk containing A1 versus A2 beta-casein.
Subjects/methods:
Forty-one females and males were recruited into this double-blinded, randomised 8-week cross-over study. Participants underwent a 2-week dairy washout (rice milk replaced dairy), followed by 2 weeks of milk (750 ml/day) that contained beta-casein of either A1 or A2 type before undergoing a second washout followed by a final 2 weeks of the alternative A1 or A2 type milk.
Results:
The A1 beta-casein milk led to significantly higher stool consistency values (Bristol Stool Scale) compared with the A2 beta-casein milk. There was also a significant positive association between abdominal pain and stool consistency on the A1 diet (
r
=0.520,
P
=0.001), but not the A2 diet (
r
=−0.13,
P
=0.43). The difference between these two correlations (0.52 versus −0.13) was highly significant (
P
<0.001). Furthermore, some individuals may be susceptible to A1 beta-casein, as evidenced by higher faecal calprotectin values and associated intolerance measures.
Conclusions:
These preliminary results suggest differences in gastrointestinal responses in some adult humans consuming milk containing beta-casein of either the A1 or the A2 beta-casein type, but require confirmation in a larger study of participants with perceived intolerance to ordinary A1 beta-casein-containing milk.
Journal Article
Lattice basis reduction techniques
In recent years, there has been a significant amount of work conducted in the field of Lattice Basis Reduction Techniques, which is one of the crucial areas of Lattice-based Cryptography. This field finds applications in the cryptanalysis of important problems, including SIS, LWE, the Lattice Isomorphism Problem, and more. Another critical role of Lattice reduction is in determining key sizes for various cryptosystems based on Lattices. Therefore, the study and development of Lattice basis reduction techniques are closely tied to the assessment of the Quantum resistance nature of Lattice-based Cryptosystems, making it valuable to investigate Lattice Reduction Techniques. Furthermore, when combined with other techniques, Lattice Reduction Techniques can yield excellent results. In this paper, we delve into various essential Lattice Reduction Techniques, such as LLL, BKZ, Generalized basis reduction in dimension 3, along with their improvements like DeepLLL, DeepBKZ, Self-dual DeepBKZ. We also explore other important techniques, including Hybrid Method, Cubification, LDSF, and recent developments. Additionally, we provide discussions on their comparisons, complexities, and improvements.
Journal Article
The mantle temperature corrected gravimetric Moho using SGG-UGM-2 gravity data: An evidence of asymmetric distribution of thin and thick crust along the Central Indian Ridge (3°S–16°S)
The present study deals with mapping of the crustal structure over the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) covering 3°S–11°S using SGG-UGM-2 Free-air gravity data. We have discussed the importance of mantle temperature correction along with Bouguer, sediment thickness, and curvature corrections to the gravity data. We have discussed the influence of mantle temperature correction on gravimetric Moho determination along the ridge axis. We found an erroneous impression of Moho along the ridge axis from the gravity data without thermal correction. The Moho depth near the vicinity of CIR (3°S–16°S) is calculated from the residual mantle Bouguer gravity data using the Parker–Oldenburg algorithm. The inversion-based Moho shows an RMS error of 2.39 km with respect to the CRUST1.0 global Moho model. The isostatic Moho has been calculated using Airy-Heiskanen’s (AH’s) hypothesis to study compensation characteristics. The isostatic Moho exhibit a significant dissimilarity with the inversion-based Moho. The crustal distribution based on the inversion and isostatic-based Moho models were computed by removing the water column and sediment layer. The derived compensation percentage from these two crustal models indicates that the Somalian and Arabian basins are the zone of over-compensation, while an under-compensation zone characterizes the Madagascar basin. We categorized these crustal thicknesses into thin (< 6 km), normal (6–9 km), and thick (> 9 km) crust. Both thin and thick crusts show symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns around the CIR ridge axis. The fracture zone (FZ) and non-transform discontinuities (NTDs) are associated with a thin crust. It is inferred that FZ with a thick crust is perhaps resulted due to the process of serpentinization. We found that the Oceanic core complexes (OCCs) are associated with a thin crust. The OCCs associated with thick crust are perhaps related to the redevelopment of old OCCs near a slow-spreading ridge.
Journal Article