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"SHARMA, P"
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Nanoemulsion: an advanced mode of drug delivery system
An advanced mode of drug delivery system has been developed to overcome the major drawbacks associated with conventional drug delivery systems. This review gives a detailed idea about a nanoemulsion system. Nanoemulsions are nano-sized emulsions, which are manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These are the thermodynamically stable isotropic system in which two immiscible liquids are mixed to form a single phase by means of an emulsifying agent, i.e., surfactant and co-surfactant. The droplet size of nanoemulsion falls typically in the range 20–200 nm. The main difference between emulsion and nanoemulsion lies in the size and shape of particles dispersed in the continuous phase. In this review, the attention is focused to give a basic idea about its formulation, method of preparation, characterization techniques, evaluation parameters, and various applications of nanoemulsion.
Journal Article
A comprehensive analysis of hexagonal nanoprism for broad band tunability
In the present paper, we have explored the broadband plasmonic effect in hexagonal nanoprism (HNP) in context of cost effective thin multi-junction photovoltaic devices for broad spectral response along with the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) application. Optical properties have been investigated as a function of explicit sets of realistic parameters in terms of hexagonal side (10–50 nm), prism height (20–80 nm), surrounding environment (SiO
2
, TiO
2
and Si) and material composition (Au, Ag and Al) by using discrete dipole approximation. Structural anisotropy allows us to observe in plane and out of plane resonances, which is quite interesting. The presence of in-plane dipole, in-plane quadrupole, out-of-plane dipole and out-of-plane quadrupole resonance peak at 1375 nm, 1057 nm, ~ 832 nm and ~ 621 nm respectively affirms the broadband tunability for Au HNP embedded in Si matrix with hexagonal side and prism height both 50 nm. Our simulations open a wide range of opportunities for a variety of applications such as, biological and communication windows-matched plasmonic resonance that shall be helpful for photothermal therapy and detection enhancement of NIR photodetectors. In addition, prodigious value of field intensity of each excitation mode provides selective tunability for SERS. A remarkable electric field enhancement up to 159-fold in TiO
2
, suggesting strong potential for photocatalysis and SERS applications.
Journal Article
Biology, demographic parameters and predatory potential of the predatory mite Neoseiulus longispinosus against Tetranychus urticae on different vegetable crops
Phytoseiid predatory mite, Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans), is employed to control various pest species, such as phytophagous mites and arthropods. Depending on the host plant, the effectiveness of predators against the target pest may change. However, comparative studies on the life history and predation potential of N. longispinosus on different vegetable hosts have not yet been conducted. Therefore, in the present study, experiments were conducted to determine the indirect effect of several host plants on the biology, predation rate and demographic parameters of N. longispinosus against Tetranychus urticae. The results showed that female longevity was maximum on bean (25.40 days) and minimum on brinjal and tomato (14.22 days each). On bean, the female predatory mite consumed the highest prey (139.50 eggs) during its entire lifespan. The demographic parameters were analyzed and the results were better on bean and followed by cucumber, while they were comparatively poor on brinjal and tomato. These results highlight how crucial host plants are for the effectiveness of biological control. Nevertheless, further studies are required to investigate in detail the role of plant biophysical characters on the predation and demographics of the predator.
Journal Article
Efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection of large colorectal polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis
ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection of large colorectal polyps.DesignRelevant publications were identified in MEDLINE/EMBASE/Cochrane Central Register for the period 1966–2014. Studies in which ≥20 mm colorectal neoplastic lesions were treated with endoscopic resection were included. Rates of postendoscopic resection surgery due to non-curative resection or adverse events, as well as the rates of complete endoscopic removal, invasive cancer, adverse events, recurrence and mortality, were extracted. Study quality was ascertained according to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Forest plot was produced based on random effect models. I2 statistic was used to describe the variation across studies due to heterogeneity. Meta-regression analysis was also performed.Results50 studies including 6442 patients and 6779 large polyps were included in the analyses. Overall, 503 out of 6442 patients (pooled rate: 8%, 95% CI 7% to 10%, I2=78.6%) underwent surgery due to non-curative endoscopic resection, and 31/6442 (pooled rate: 1%, 95% CI 0.7% to 1.4%, I2=0%) to adverse events. Invasive cancer at histology, non-curative endoscopic resection, synchronous lesions and recurrence accounted for 58%, 28%, 2.2% and 5.9% of all the surgeries, respectively. Endoscopic perforation occurred in 96/6595 (1.5%, 95% CI 1.2% to 1.7%) polyps, while bleeding in 423/6474 (6.5%, 95% CI 5.9% to 7.1%). Overall, 5334 patients entered in surveillance, 502/5836 (8.6%, 95% CI 7.9% to 9.3%) being lost at follow-up. Endoscopic recurrence was detected in 735/5334 patients (13.8%, 95% CI 12.9% to 14.7%), being an invasive cancer in 14/5334 (0.3%, 95% CI 0.1% to 0.4%). Endoscopic treatment was successful in 664/735 cases (90.3%, 95% CI 88.2% to 92.5%). Mortality related with management of large polyps was reported in 5/6278 cases (0.08%, 95% CI 0.01% to 0.15%).ConclusionsEndoscopic resection of large polyps appeared to be an extremely effective and safe intervention. However, an adequate endoscopic surveillance is necessary for its long-term efficacy.
Journal Article
A Simplified Approach for Determination of Inflection Points of Flattening Filter-Free Photon Beam Using In-House Developed Software and Derivation of Reference Levels
Aim:
This article aimed to present the salient features of the in-house developed Java program for the determination of inflection point and dosimetric parameters of flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam. Reference levels for the dosimetric parameters of the FFF photon beams were also presented.
Materials and Methods:
Beam profiles of 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF photon beams for a collimator setting of 20 cm × 20 cm measured at 10 cm depth in an isocentric setup acquired from various institutions were analyzed using an in-house developed Java program and manual method. The values of reference dose value (RDV), field size, penumbra, and degree of un-flatness (defined as the lateral separation between 90% [X90%], 75% [X75%], and 60% [X60%] dose points on the profile) were calculated and compared. The reference values of field size, penumbra, and degree of un-flatness were also determined for Varian and Elekta medical electron linear accelerators (LINACs).
Results:
The maximum differences for RDV determined using the Java method and manual method are 2.4% and 2.7% for 6 and 10 MV FFF photon beams, respectively. The maximum difference between the values of field size, penumbra, and degree of un-flatness determined using Java and manual methods is within 1.3 mm. The reference values of field size and penumbra for Varian LINACs are 19.94 ± 0.10 cm and 0.83 ± 0.08 cm (6 MV FFF) and 19.95 ± 0.10 cm and 0.83 ± 0.08 cm (10 MV FFF). Similarly, the reference values of field size and penumbra for Elekta LINACs are 20.02 ± 0.09 cm and 0.94 ± 0.12 cm (6 MV FFF) and 20.03 ± 0.11 cm and 0.97 ± 0.16 cm (10 MV FFF).
Conclusions:
A software program was developed in Java for analyzing the beam profiles of FFF photon beams. The results of Java-derived values of dosimetric parameters of FFF photon beams were found in good agreement with the values determined using the manual method. The reference values of these parameters were also derived and quoted using a large cohort of the data.
Journal Article