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"SHEN, S"
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Temperature dataset of CMIP6 models over China: evaluation, trend and uncertainty
The information on the projected climate changes over China is of great importance for preparing the nation’s societal adaptiveness to the future natural ecosystem. This study reports the surface mean temperature changes during 2014–2100 over China and its four sub-regions (Northern China, Northwestern China, Southern China, and the Tibetan Plateau) by analyzing 20 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) under three Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios: SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585. The multi-model ensemble mean (MMEM) of 20 CMIP6 models has cold biases over China during 1979–2014, with improved performance compared with the CMIP5 models. In contrast, the CMIP6 models simulate well in the spatial climatology with lower warming rates over China. Relative to 1986–2005, the regionally averaged surface mean temperatures from the MMEM over China under SSP126, SSP245, SSP585 scenarios are projected to increase by 1.31 °C, 1.32 °C, 1.45 °C in the near-term (2021–2040), 1.75 °C, 2.06 °C, 2.66 °C in the mid-term (2041–2060), and 1.08 °C, 2.97 °C, 5.62 °C in the long-term (2081–2100), respectively. The CMIP6 models simulate accelerated warming occurs over the Northwestern China and the Tibetan Plateau, suggesting that the arid and semi-arid regions are particularly sensitive to future climate warming. We quantify uncertainty for future projections of temperature changes over China, and the main sources of uncertainty are model and scenario uncertainty particularly for the regions with the largest cold bias. This suggests that the observational constraints on these regions will lead to significant improvements for climatic projections over China.
Journal Article
The railway conspiracy
\"Judge Dee and Lao She must use all their powers of deduction-and kung fu skills-to take down a sinister conspiracy between Imperial Russia, Japan, and China in 1920s London. The follow-up to The Murder of Mr. Ma, this historical adventure-mystery is perfect for fans of Laurie R. King and the Guy Ritchie Sherlock Holmes films. London, 1924. Following several months abroad, Judge Dee Ren Jie has returned to the city to intercept a transaction between a Russian diplomat and a Japanese mercenary. Aided by Lao She-the Watson to his Holmes-along with several other colorful characters, Dee stops the illicit sale of an extremely valuable \"dragon-taming\" mace. The mace's owner is a lovely Chinese businesswoman who thanks Dee for its retrieval by throwing a lavish dinner party. In attendance is British banking official A. G. Stephen, who argues with the group about the tenuous state of Chinese nationalism-and is then poisoned two days later. Dee knows this cannot be a coincidence, and suspects Stephen won't be the only victim. Sure enough, a young Chinese communist of Lao's acquaintance is killed not long after-and a note with a strange symbol is found by his body. What could connect all these disparate, bizarre events? It is once again up to Dee's brilliant investigative skills and Lao's well-meaning but often bumbling assistance to get to the bottom of the Railway Conspiracy before anyone else ends up on the chopping block\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Hilbert-Huang transform and its applications
The Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) represents a desperate attempt to break the suffocating hold on the field of data analysis by the twin assumptions of linearity and stationarity. Unlike spectrograms, wavelet analysis, or the Wigner-Ville Distribution, HHT is truly a time-frequency analysis, but it does not require an a priori functional basis and, therefore, the convolution computation of frequency. The method provides a magnifying glass to examine the data, and also offers a different view of data from nonlinear processes, with the results no longer shackled by spurious harmonics — the artifacts of imposing a linearity property on a nonlinear system or of limiting by the uncertainty principle, and a consequence of Fourier transform pairs in data analysis. This is the first HHT book containing papers covering a wide variety of interests. The chapters are divided into mathematical aspects and applications, with the applications further grouped into geophysics, structural safety and visualization.
eBook
PRC2 binds active promoters and contacts nascent RNAs in embryonic stem cells
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) acts as an epigenetic repressor by depositing repressive H3K27me3 marks, but how it is regulated and directed to specific genes remains unknown. PRC2 is now found to bind at low levels to many gene promoters, including active ones devoid of H3K27me3, and the EZH2 catalytic subunit binds directly to nascent transcripts.
EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of PRC2, a central epigenetic repressor essential for development processes
in vivo
and for the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
in vitro
. The biochemical function of PRC2 in depositing repressive H3K27me3 marks is well understood, but how it is regulated and directed to specific genes before and during differentiation remains unknown. Here, we report that PRC2 binds at low levels to a majority of promoters in mouse ESCs, including many that are active and devoid of H3K27me3. Using
in vivo
RNA-protein cross-linking, we show that EZH2 directly binds the 5′ region of nascent RNAs transcribed from a subset of these promoters and that these binding events correlate with decreased H3K27me3. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which PRC2 senses the transcriptional state of the cell and translates it into epigenetic information.
Journal Article
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: cryo-EM comes of age
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson for “developing cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution.” This feature article summarizes some of the major achievements leading to the development of cryo-EM and recent technological breakthroughs that have transformed the method into a mainstream tool for structure determination.
Journal Article
A multi-centre randomised trial comparing ultrasound vs mammography for screening breast cancer in high-risk Chinese women
Background:
Chinese women tend to have small and dense breasts and ultrasound is a common method for breast cancer screening in China. However, its efficacy and cost comparing with mammography has not been evaluated in randomised trials.
Methods:
At 14 breast centres across China during 2008–2010, 13 339 high-risk women aged 30–65 years were randomised to be screened by mammography alone, ultrasound alone, or by both methods at enrolment and 1-year follow-up.
Results:
A total of 12 519 and 8692 women underwent the initial and second screenings, respectively. Among the 30 cancers (of which 15 were stage 0/I) detected, 5 (0.72/1000) were in the mammography group, 11 (1.51/1000) in the ultrasound group, and 14 (2.02/1000) in the combined group (
P
=0.12). In the combined group, ultrasound detected all the 14 cancers, whereas mammography detected 8, making ultrasound more sensitive (100
vs
57.1%,
P
=0.04) with a better diagnostic accuracy (0.999
vs
0.766,
P
=0.01). There was no difference between mammography and ultrasound in specificity (100
vs
99.9%,
P
=0.51) and positive predictive value (72.7
vs
70.0%;
P
=0.87). To detect one cancer, the costs of ultrasound, mammography, and combined modality were $7876, $45 253, and $21 599, respectively.
Conclusions:
Ultrasound is superior to mammography for breast cancer screening in high-risk Chinese women.
Journal Article
Molecular mechanisms of ATP secretion during immunogenic cell death
The immunogenic demise of cancer cells can be induced by various chemotherapeutics, such as anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, and provokes an immune response against tumor-associated antigens. Thus, immunogenic cell death (ICD)-inducing antineoplastic agents stimulate a tumor-specific immune response that determines the long-term success of therapy. The release of ATP from dying cells constitutes one of the three major hallmarks of ICD and occurs independently of the two others, namely, the pre-apoptotic exposure of calreticulin on the cell surface and the postmortem release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMBG1) into the extracellular space. Pre-mortem autophagy is known to be required for the ICD-associated secretion of ATP, implying that autophagy-deficient cancer cells fail to elicit therapy-relevant immune responses
in vivo
. However, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby ATP is actively secreted in the course of ICD remain elusive. Using a combination of pharmacological screens, silencing experiments and techniques to monitor the subcellular localization of ATP, we show here that, in response to ICD inducers, ATP redistributes from lysosomes to autolysosomes and is secreted by a mechanism that requires the lysosomal protein LAMP1, which translocates to the plasma membrane in a strictly caspase-dependent manner. The secretion of ATP additionally involves the caspase-dependent activation of Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1)-mediated, myosin II-dependent cellular blebbing, as well as the opening of pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels, which is also triggered by caspases. Of note, although autophagy and LAMP1 fail to influence PANX1 channel opening, PANX1 is required for the ICD-associated translocation of LAMP1 to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these findings suggest that caspase- and PANX1-dependent lysosomal exocytosis has an essential role in ATP release as triggered by immunogenic chemotherapy.
Journal Article
Mechanism of nascent chain removal by the ribosome-associated quality control complex
Errors during translation can cause ribosome stalling, leaving incomplete nascent chains attached to large ribosomal subunits. Cells rely on the Ribosome-associated Quality Control (RQC) complex to recognize, process, and remove these aberrant proteins to maintain proteostasis. Despite its importance, the mechanisms by which the RQC orchestrates nascent chain processing and extraction have remained unclear. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of the RQC complex from budding yeast, revealing how its core components function in nascent chain removal. We show that the Cdc48 ATPase and its Ufd1-Npl4 adaptor are recruited by the Ltn1 E3 ubiquitin ligase to extract ubiquitylated peptides from the 60S ribosome. Additionally, we find that Rqc1 bridges the 60S subunit with ubiquitin and Ltn1, facilitating formation of K48-linked polyubiquitin chains. These findings provide a structural and mechanistic framework for understanding how the RQC complex collaborates to clear stalled translation products, advancing insight into cellular protein quality control.
Ribosome stalling during translation threatens proteostasis and requires targeted clearance of nascent chains. Here, the authors show how the yeast RQC complex recruits Cdc48 via Ltn1 and Rqc1 to extract ubiquitylated peptides, revealing the structural basis of stalled nascent chain removal.
Journal Article
Magnetoelectric coupling in the paramagnetic state of a metal-organic framework
Although the magnetoelectric effects - the mutual control of electric polarization by magnetic fields and magnetism by electric fields, have been intensively studied in a large number of inorganic compounds and heterostructures, they have been rarely observed in organic materials. Here we demonstrate magnetoelectric coupling in a metal-organic framework [(CH
3
)
2
NH
2
]Mn(HCOO)
3
which exhibits an order-disorder type of ferroelectricity below 185 K. The magnetic susceptibility starts to deviate from the Curie-Weiss law at the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition temperature, suggesting an enhancement of short-range magnetic correlation in the ferroelectric state. Electron spin resonance study further confirms that the magnetic state indeed changes following the ferroelectric phase transition. Inversely, the ferroelectric polarization can be improved by applying high magnetic fields. We interpret the magnetoelectric coupling in the paramagnetic state in the metal-organic framework as a consequence of the magnetoelastic effect that modifies both the superexchange interaction and the hydrogen bonding.
Journal Article