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Using nearly 230,000 red clump stars selected from LAMOST and Gaia, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the stellar age–velocity dispersion relations (AVRs) for various disk populations, within 5.0 ≤ R ≤ 15.0 kpc and ∣Z∣ ≤ 3.0 kpc. The AVRs of the whole red clump sample stars are accurately described as σv = σv,0 (τ + 0.1) βv , with βR, βϕ, and βZ displaying a global exponential decreasing trend with R, which may point to the difference in spatial distributions of various disk heating mechanisms. The measurements of β–R for various disks suggest that the thin disk exhibits a radial dependence, with a global exponential decreasing trend in βR–R and βZ–R, while βϕ remains a nearly constant value (around 0.20 ∼ 0.25) within 8.5 ≤ R ≤ 11.5 kpc. The thick disk displays a global increasing trend in βR–R, βϕ–R, and βZ–R. These results indicate that the thin disk stars are likely heated by long-term heating from giant molecular clouds and spiral arms, while thick disk stars are likely heated by some violent heating process from merger and accretion, and/or formed by the inside-out and upside-down star formation scenarios, and/or born in the chaotic mergers of gas-rich systems and/or turbulent interstellar medium. Our results also suggest that the disk perturbation by a recent minor merger from Sagittarius may have occurred within 3.0 Gyr.

A detailed measurement is made of the metallicity distributions, kinematics, and dynamics of the thin and thick disks across a large disk volume (5.0 ≤ R ≤ 15.0 kpc and ∣Z∣ ≤ 3.0 kpc) by using the LAMOST–APOGEE red clump stars. The metallicity distribution results show that the radial metallicity gradient Δ[Fe/H]/ΔR of the thin disk weakens with ∣Z∣ from −0.06 dex kpc−1 at around ∣Z∣ < 0.25 kpc to −0.02 dex kpc−1 at around ∣Z∣ > 2.75 kpc, while the thick disk displays a global weak positive Δ[Fe/H]/ΔR that is generally weaker than 0.01 dex kpc−1. The vertical metallicity gradient Δ[Fe/H]/Δ∣Z∣ steadily weakened from −0.36 dex kpc−1 at R ∼ 5.5 kpc to −0.05 dex kpc−1 at around R > 11.5 kpc for the thin disk, while the thick disk presents an almost constant value (nearly −0.06∼−0.08 dex kpc−1) for all the R bins. These results indicate the contribution of the radial migration to the disk evolution, and the obvious north–south asymmetry in [Fe/H] may be linked to disk warp and/or disk perturbation events. The oscillations in the corrected Δ[Fe/H]/Δ∣Z∣ with R likely arise from the resonances with the Galactic bar. Our detailed measurements of ΔV ϕ /Δ[Fe/H] indicate an inside-out and upside-down star formation scenario for the thick disk. The results of eccentricity distributions and [α/Fe]–velocity dispersion relations are likely to suggest that thick-disk stars require an obvious contribution from other heating mechanisms, such as mergers and accretion, or are born in the chaotic mergers of gas-rich systems and/or the turbulent interstellar medium.

The tilt of the velocity ellipsoid is a helpful tracer of the gravitational potential of the Milky Way. In this paper, we use nearly 140,000 red clump (RC) stars selected from LAMOST and Gaia to make a detailed analysis of the tilt of the velocity ellipsoid for various populations, as defined by stellar ages and chemical information, within 4.5 ≤ R ≤ 15.0 kpc and ∣Z∣ ≤ 3.0 kpc, respectively. The tilt angle of the velocity ellipsoid of the RC sample stars is accurately described as α = α 0 arctan (Z/R) with α 0 = (0.68 ± 0.05). This indicates the alignment of the velocity ellipsoid is between cylindrical and spherical, implying that any deviation from the spherical alignment of the velocity ellipsoid may be caused by the gravitational potential of the baryonic disk. The results of various populations suggest that α 0 displays an age and population dependence, with values α 0 = (0.72 ± 0.08) and α 0 = (0.64 ± 0.07) for the thin and thick disks, respectively, and α 0 displays a decreasing trend as age (and [α/Fe]) increases, meaning that the velocity ellipsoids of the kinematically relaxed stars are mainly dominated by the gravitational potential of the baryonic disk. We determine the α 0 –R relation for various populations, finding that α 0 displays oscillations with R for the different populations. The oscillations in α 0 appear in both kinematically hot and cold populations, indicating that resonances with the Galactic bar are the most likely origin for these oscillations.

Using over 170,000 red clump (RC) stars selected from LAMOST and APOGEE, we conduct a detailed analysis of the stellar VZ as a function of LZ (or Rg) across different ϕ bins for various disk populations. The VZ of the whole RC sample stars exhibits a wavelike pattern superimposed on an exponentially increasing trend, indicating the contribution from disk warp, disk flare, and disk waves. Our results across various populations suggest that the thin disk is similar to the whole RC sample behavior, while the thick disk displays a wavelike pattern superimposed on a linearly increasing trend, meaning that the features of disk warp and waves are present in both thin and thick disks, and the disk flare feature is only present in the thin disk. These results indicate that the disk warp is potentially driven by secular processes like disk perturbations from intergalactic magnetic fields and a misaligned dark halo. The line-of-node of the disk warp of various populations displays a slight difference, with ϕ0 = 5 .° 68 ± 2 .° 91 for the whole RC sample of stars, ϕ0 = 5 .° 78 ± 2 .° 89 for the thin disk stars, and ϕ0 = 4 .° 10 ± 3 .° 43 for the thick disk stars.

Galactic disk warp has been widely characterized by stellar distributions and stellar kinematics but has not been traced by stellar chemistry. Here, we use a sample with over 170,000 red clump (RC) stars selected from LAMOST and APOGEE first to establish a correlation between the north–south asymmetry in metallicity ([Fe/H]) and the disk warp. Our results indicate that the height of the [Fe/H] midplane for the whole RC sample stars is accurately described as Zw = 0.017 (R − 7.112)2 sin(ϕ − 9.218). This morphology aligns closely with the warp traced by Cepheids, suggesting that the disk north–south asymmetry in [Fe/H] may serve as a new tracer for the Galactic warp. Our detailed analysis of the young/thin disk stars of this RC sample suggests that its warp is well modeled as Zw = 0.016 (R − 6.507)2 sin(ϕ − 4.240), indicating that the line of node of the Galactic warp is oriented at 4.240 −1.747+1.641 degrees.

The Milky Way is widely considered to exhibit features of a rotational bar or quadrupole bar. In either case, the feature of the resonance of the Galactic bar should be present in the properties of the chemistry and kinematics, over a large area of the disk. With a sample of over 170,000 red clump stars from LAMOST-APOGEE data, we attempt to detect the chemical and kinematic signatures of the resonances of the Galactic bar, within 4.0 ≤ R ≤ 15.0 kpc and ∣Z∣ ≤ 3.0 kpc. The measurement of the Δ[Fe/H]/Δ∣Z∣–R with subtracted global profiles trends shows that the thin and thick disks values are Cor_Δ[Fe/H]/Δ∣Z∣ = 0.010 sin (1.598 R + 2.551) and Cor_Δ[Fe/H]/Δ∣Z∣ = 0.006 sin (1.258 R − 0.019), respectively. The analysis of the tilt angle of the velocity ellipsoid indicates that the thin and thick disks are accurately described as α = α 0 arctan (Z/R), with α0=0.198sin (0.853 R + 1.982) + 0.630 and α0=0.220sin (0.884 R + 2.012) + 0.679 for thin and thick disks, respectively. These periodic oscillations in Cor_Δ[Fe/H]/Δ∣Z∣ and α 0 with R appear in both thin and thick disks are the most likely chemical and kinematic signatures of the resonance of the Galactic bar. The difference in the phase of the functions of the fitted periodic oscillations for the thin and thick disks may be related to the presence of a second Galactic bar.

We present a comprehensive study of the kinematic properties of the different Galactic disk populations, as defined by the chemical abundance ratios and stellar ages, across a large disk volume (4.5 ≤ R ≤ 15.0 kpc and ∣Z∣ ≤ 3.0 kpc), by using the LAMOST-Gaia red clump sample stars. We determine the median velocities for various spatial and population bins, finding large-scale bulk motions; for example, the wave-like behavior in radial velocity, the north–south discrepancy in azimuthal velocity and the warp signal in vertical velocity, and the amplitudes and spatial dependences of these bulk motions show significant variations for different mono-age and mono-abundance populations. The global spatial behaviors of the velocity dispersions clearly show a signal of spiral arms and a signal of the disk perturbation event within 4 Gyr, as well as disk flaring in the outer region (i.e., R ≥ 12 kpc), mostly for young or alpha-poor stellar populations. Our detailed measurements of age/[α/Fe]-velocity dispersion relations for different disk volumes indicate that young/α-poor populations are likely to originate from dynamic heating by both giant molecular clouds and spiral arms, while old/α-enhanced populations require an obvious contribution from other heating mechanisms, such as merger and accretion, or are born in the chaotic mergers of gas-rich systems and/or turbulent interstellar medium.

BackgroundHand dysfunction following stroke, especially during the flaccid paralysis phase, significantly impairs patients’ motor abilities and daily functioning. Electroacupuncture (EA) is widely used in post-stroke rehabilitation; however, inconsistent clinical outcomes and lack of standardised treatment parameters have limited its broader adoption.This protocol describes a randomised controlled trial designed to determine optimal EA parameters for post-stroke hand dysfunction using an orthogonal experimental design.Methods/designThis protocol presents a single-centre, randomised controlled trial design with 10 arms. A total of 110 patients with post-stroke hand dysfunction will be randomly assigned to nine electroacupuncture groups or one sham acupuncture group in equal proportions. Participants will receive 12 treatment sessions over 2 weeks. The EA groups are designed based on a four-factor, three-level orthogonal design to systematically evaluate the main effects of acupoint selection, stimulation frequency, needle thickness and treatment duration. The primary outcome is the effective response rate, defined as reduction in the Chinese Stroke Scale (CSS) score at 2 weeks. Secondary outcomes include assessments with the Modified Lindmark Rating Scale, range of motion measures, Modified Barthel Index and hand motor subscores of the CSS. As this is a trial protocol, results are not yet available. Statistical analyses will be conducted after completion of recruitment and follow-up according to the prespecified analysis plan. Safety and adverse events will be monitored throughout the study.ConclusionThis trial is designed to address the current lack of evidence-based standardisation of EA parameters for post-stroke hand dysfunction. By systematically evaluating key treatment components using an orthogonal experimental design, the study aims to identify optimal EA strategies and provide a methodological framework to improve consistency, reproducibility and clinical effectiveness in post-stroke hand rehabilitation.Ethics and disseminationThis manuscript describes a study protocol and does not report any data from participants at this stage. Ethical approval for the planned trial was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Approval No. TYLL2024(K)072). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to enrolment. The results of the study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and academic conferences.Trial registration numberITMCTR2024000819.

An organic/inorganic hybrid coating with self-healable hydrophobicity is prepared as triboelectrical layer by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and fluorinated sol-gel (FSG) coating. The MAO/FSG hybrid coating-based TENG (MF-TENG) has a current output of 31 µA and voltage output of 870 V, which is eight times that of the MAO based TENG. Compared with organic coating, the organic/inorganic hybrid coating has good wear resistance. When the fluorine composition on the surface of the coating is damaged, the self-healing hydrophobicity and electrical output are achieved by transferring loaded perfluorosilane to the damaged surface. The fluorinated sol-gel coating is hydrophobic, which ensures that the coating has good corrosion resistance. Also, the electricity generated in triboelectrification could improve the anti-corrosion performance by cathodic protection. Based on the anti-corrosion, anti-wear and self-healing properties, the MF-TENG has potential applicability in the field of energy collection, energy supply, and corrosion protection.

Sujiang pigs, a high-quality local Chinese breed, represent a valuable model for investigating muscle development and improving meat production through genetic selection. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are essential regulators of muscle growth, with differentiation tightly controlled by specific genes and signaling pathways. In this study, MuSCs were isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle and subjected to mRNA sequencing during proliferation (GM) and differentiation stages (DM1, DM2, and DM4, collectively referred to as DM). A total of 2790 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1551 upregulated and 1239 downregulated genes. Time-series analysis revealed 16 significant expression patterns. These DEGs were primarily associated with muscle development and differentiation and were enriched in Wnt, PI3K–Akt, JAK–STAT, p53, Hippo, and Apelin signaling pathways. Among them, phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1 (PRTFDC1) exhibited pronounced downregulation during differentiation. Functional validation demonstrated that PRTFDC1 overexpression promoted myotube formation and upregulated MYOD1, MYOG, and MYH1 expression, whereas knockdown significantly inhibited differentiation. Furthermore, PRTFDC1 enhanced phosphorylation of key proteins in the cGAS–STING signaling pathway. Collectively, this study elucidates the temporal transcriptional regulation of MuSC differentiation in Sujiang pigs and identifies PRTFDC1 as a novel regulatory factor, providing a molecular foundation for breeding strategies and meat quality improvement.