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In recent days, additive manufacturing (AM) plays a vital role in manufacturing a component compared to subtractive manufacturing. AM has a wide advantage in producing complex parts and revolutionizing logistics panorama worldwide. Many researchers compared this emerging manufacturing methodology with the conventional methodology and found that it helps in meeting the demand, designing highly complex components, and reducing wastage of materials, and there are a wide variety of AM processes. The process of making the components in full use of technology with several manufacturing applications to meet the above is studied along with the properties of AM, and subsequently, the advantages of AM over the subtractive methods are described. In this paper, the achievements in this manner with considerable gains are studied and are concluded as a paradigm shift to fulfil the AM potential.

Soil borne pathogens are significant contributor of plant yield loss globally. The constraints in early diagnosis, wide host range, longer persistence in soil makes their management cumbersome and difficult. Therefore, it is crucial to devise innovative and effective management strategy to combat the losses caused by soil borne diseases. The use of chemical pesticides is the mainstay of current plant disease management practices that potentially cause ecological imbalance. Nanotechnology presents a suitable alternative to overcome the challenges associated with diagnosis and management of soil-borne plant pathogens. This review explores the use of nanotechnology for the management of soil-borne diseases using a variety of strategies, such as nanoparticles acting as a protectant, as carriers of actives like pesticides, fertilizers, antimicrobials, and microbes or by promoting plant growth and development. Nanotechnology can also be used for precise and accurate detection of soil-borne pathogens for devising efficient management strategy. The unique physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles allow greater penetration and interaction with biological membrane thereby increasing its efficacy and releasability. However, the nanoscience specifically agricultural nanotechnology is still in its toddler stage and to realize its full potential, extensive field trials, utilization of pest crop host system and toxicological studies are essential to tackle the fundamental queries associated with development of commercial nano-formulations.

The present study focuses on deciphering the mechanism of action of nano zinc loaded bioactive formulation (En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF) against the sheath blight inciting pathogen of rice, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are promising antimicrobial agents and are safer to use in field conditions as they are GRAS (Generally recognized as safe) materials. In an in vitro study, En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF was tested at eight concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) and control was kept for sterile water. The application of En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF demonstrated a prominent effect on the pathogen by inducing oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules, as measured by antioxidant enzymatic tests. En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF exhibited the best enzymatic activity at 200 ppm on superoxide dismutase (1.61 U/ml), catalase (2.97 U/ml) and malondialdehyde content (55.26 nmol/mg) compared to the control (− 0.12 U/ml, 0.04 U/ml and − 1.65 nmol/mg) respectively. When studying the effect of the optimal concentration of En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF on the inoculum of the pathogen, it was found that mycelial growth inhibition at 200 ppm was 98.81% and 100%, respectively. The release efficiency of the product was also significant at 200 ppm of En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF, with releases of 42.64%, 53.64%, 67.31%, 79.33%, and 91.50% at 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively. These findings suggest that En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF acts on the pathogen primarily by inducing oxidative stress through the generation of large amounts of ROS, facilitated by the faster release of zinc oxide nanoparticles and Iturin A molecules. Highlights The En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF exhibited significant antifungal activity against R. solani . The mechanism of action involves the formation of oxidative stress through the generation of ROS. Significant damage to the cell membrane was observed, as evidenced by elevated MDA levels. Structural abnormalities in treated hyphae, such as swelling and breakage, were noted along with the release of intracellular contents. En-ZnO-NP-PGPR-BF facilitated the sustained release of ZnO NPs and Iturin A molecules, enhancing their bioavailability.

In sustainable agriculture, to ensure high-quality food production, a combination of organic and inorganic nutrient sources are required. During the winter season of 2020, a field experiment was undertaken in the western zone of Tamil Nadu to assess the effects of organics and inorganics on the growth, yield, and soil properties of rice, Oryza sativa var. CO 51. The experiment was framed in Random Block Design (RBD) comprising of 8 treatments viz., Recommended dose of fertilizer Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) approach (T1), RDF 75 % + Farm yard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 (T2), T2 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T3), RDF 75 % + Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 (T4), T4 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T5), FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 + Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T6), Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1+ Seed treatment with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria + Soil application of AM fungi (T7) and absolute control (T8) , replicated thrice. Among the integrated nutrient management practices, T5 proved its superiority over other treatments with respect to growth and physiological parameters followed by T3. This would have been because of the solubilization of phosphorus in the soil by AM organisms which is made accessible for crop growth. Utilization of biofertilizer enhanced the N availability and solubilized the inaccessible phosphorus, which thus recorded higher N accessibility and better phosphorus uptake when applied along with a recommended dose of fertilizer for rice.  

The main problem of this virus is strictly invisible virus. Since SARS affected humans are may cause of kidney failure and even death but Corona virus disease (COVID19) affected a human we unable to identify since the cause is most common for all like throat infection, breathing [8]. Using ordinary differential equation with fractional derivative operator of a mathematical model, we find the stability analysis of this model with use of numerical methods. [...]the transmission of virus from a human to human is complicated. Because he (or) she spreading Corona virus disease (COVID-19) and HIV/AIDS [26]. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF COVID-19 The World Health Organization recommended that mathematical modeling can be the best method for providing the right health based decision. [...]it has been devised as a timely requirement.

A growing volume of literature on Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) by Indian firms has sought to explain the efficiency of pricing and the post issue performance of companies that make IPOs, in terms of institutional features of the securities market or certain features of the issuers. These studies pertain to different windows of IPO activity, starting with the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 1992. However, no study so far has examined the evolution of the attributes of the issuer. This paper is based on the view that understanding the evolution of IPOs since the establishment of SEBI may help in understanding the phenomena in the IPO market better. The paper also tries to relate the changes in the profile of the issuers to certain regulatory developments which may have been intended to influence those attributes of issuers and issuances. The observations in this paper provide useful pointers for further research which may unravel the working of the Indian IPO market better. More importantly, they may be useful in designing a new securities market which could serve as an alternative to or complement the existing market mechanisms. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]