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The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the course of sexualized behavior problems (SBP) over 2 years in a sample comprised of 104 children aged 2–12, including 62 children with histories of child sexual abuse (CSA). Parents completed questionnaires assessing SBP, internalizing and externalizing difficulties at baseline, as well as 2 years later. In more than half (56.7%) of children with clinically significant SBP at baseline, sexualized behaviors persisted and remained at a clinically significant level over time. In children with CSA, 48.4% presented persistent SBP, 27.4% presented transitory SBP, while 19.4% did not present clinically significant SBP at either time. CSA increased the relative risk of persistent SBP 3.29 times, and for each one-unit increase in scores of externalizing difficulties, the odds of persistent SBP increased by 21%. The findings suggest that SBP consequent to CSA, especially when it co-occurs with externalizing difficulties, is likely to remain at levels warranting clinical intervention.

BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) comprises five major molecular and histological subtypes. The Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a hereditary human cancer syndrome that predisposes affected individuals to develop renal carcinoma of nearly all subtypes, in addition to benign fibrofolliculomas, and pulmonary and renal cysts. BHD is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) protein. The molecular function of FLCN is still largely unknown; opposite and conflicting evidence of the role of FLCN in mammalian target of rapamycin signalling/phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6) activation had recently been reported.Results and MethodsHere, the expression pattern of murine Flcn was described, and it was observed that homozygous disruption of Flcn results in embryonic lethality early during development. Importantly, heterozygous animals manifest early preneoplastic kidney lesions, devoid of Flcn expression, that progress towards malignancy, including cystopapillary adenomas. A bona fide tumour suppressor activity of FLCN was confirmed by nude mouse xenograft assays of two human RCC cell lines with either diminished or re-expressed FLCN. It was observed that loss of FLCN expression leads to context-dependent effects on S6 activation. Indeed, solid tumours and normal kidneys show decreased p-S6 upon diminished FLCN expression. Conversely, p-S6 is found to be elevated or absent in FLCN-negative renal cysts.ConclusionIn accordance with clinical data showing distinct renal malignancies arising in BHD patients, in this study FLCN is shown as a general tumour suppressor in the kidney.

Although much has been written with regards to the interpersonal functioning of eating-disordered women, research in the domain of eating disorders (ED) has still overlooked the complex relationships between stressful life events, coping styles, social and marital support while considering the ED spectrum. This study evaluates to what extent stressful life events, coping styles, and social support represent useful concepts for differentiating between four groups of participants with varying severity of eating preoccupations and disturbances. One hundred twenty-five participants were divided into four groups: 40 women suffering from ED, 21 women in remission from an ED, 33 women with intense weight and shape preoccupations, and 31 women without eating preoccupations. Each participant completed the Eating Disorder Evaluation, as well as questionnaires concerning stressful life events, coping styles, social support, and couple satisfaction. There were significant differences between the groups in terms of negative impact of stressful events, social support, as well as task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping styles. Significant differences were not found between the groups for couple satisfaction. It appears that accurate cognitive appraisal of stressful situations, adaptive coping styles and improvement of the social network represent interesting dimensions to include in prevention and treatment programs for ED. Moreover, for women in remission from an ED, an effective relapse prevention strategy could be to learn to make better use of their social network.

Using the five-factor model of personality, this study investigates the contribution of personality traits to marital adjustment. The sample is composed of 446 couples who completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, which measures the personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, as well as the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that self-reported and partner-reported personality traits were significant predictors of self-reported marital adjustment for both men and women. Personality traits were found to contribute to the prediction of marital adjustment over and above the effect of neuroticism.

Objective: The benefits of regular physical activity are well documented. However, approximately half of all university students are insufficiently active, and no research to date exists on the activity behavior of university students who are also parents. Participants and Methods: Using an adapted version of the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (ie, the Physical Activity Prevalence Questionnaire), the authors examined the prevalence of sufficient physical activity among 245 parent students from 6 faculties and 12 programs. Results: Half (49.5%) of the students who were not parents (n = 90) were sufficiently physically active, compared with 16% of students who were parents (n = 3, p < .002). The authors found that 33.3% of parents and 13% of nonparents limited their activity level as a result of illness or injury (p < .05). Conclusions: Most parent students in this study were insufficiently active and at potential risk for the negative health consequences of inactivity. This is a grossly understudied population, and researchers must conduct further studies to understand what can be done to facilitate physical activity among this potentially vulnerable group of students.

Human prion diseases, known collectively as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), are fatal, infectious neurodegenerative disorders that occur in all human populations. To summarize national surveillance data for CJD in Canada between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2013. Detailed investigations were conducted of individual suspected CJD cases, with collaboration between Canadian health professionals and investigators affiliated with a central CJD surveillance registry operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Data were collected on the clinical profile, family history, and results of paraclinical and laboratory investigations, including post-mortem neuropathological examination. A total of 662 deaths from definite and probable CJD were identified in Canadian residents during the study period, comprising 613 cases of sporadic CJD (92.6%), 43 cases of genetic prion disease (6.5%), 4 cases of iatrogenic CJD (0.6%), and 2 cases of variant CJD disease (0.3%). The overall crude mortality rate for sporadic CJD was 1.18 per million per year [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08,1.27]. Age-specific rates ranged from 0.05 [95% CI: 0.03,0.08] in persons under 50 years of age to 7.11 [95% CI: 6.20,8.11] in those aged 70 to 79. A significant net upward trend in age-adjusted rates was observed over the study period. Standardized mortality ratios, calculated for 10 individual Canadian provinces with reference to national average mortality rates, did not differ significantly from 1.0. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease remains rare in Canada, although mortality rates vary by two orders of magnitude between older and younger age groups. The upward trend in age-standardized sporadic CJD mortality rate over the study period can be better accounted for by gradually improving case ascertainment than by a real increase in incidence.

The frequency of difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep increases with age. Yet, not all poor sleepers complain of insomnia. Our cognitive model of insomnia predicts that sleep complaints in poor sleepers are a function of negative thinking during nocturnal wakefulness as well as of poor sleep quality. To test descriptive aspects of the model, we examined the content and valence of thoughts listed or endorsed by two large samples of older adults. We compared positive and negative thoughts reported by good sleepers and by 2 types of poor sleepers: those experiencing either high or low distress about their insomnia. Thought listing and inventory results both support the model: negative thought frequencies were closely related to poor sleep, distress about insomnia, and poor daytime psychological adjustment. The findings provide an empirical basis for the modification of maladaptive cognitions as potentially important in therapeutic intervention for insomnia.