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"Sabu Thomas"
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Hydraulic rubber dam : an effective water management technology
\"Hydraulic Rubber Dam: An Effective Water Management Technology is the go-to source for information on the materials, manufacture, mechanics and functional benefit of rubber dams in water management. Readers will find a detailed background on water conservation and coverage, how inflatable rubber dam technology contributes to the picture, and information on the proper manufacture and use of rubber dams to increase water storage for release and delivery during drought. In addition, the book presents tactics on the even distribution of water across populations, how to increase water use efficiency, conservation, and how to prevent flooding. In particular, this book details specialist manufacturing techniques, including the development of rubber compounds and fabric, the bonding and anchoring systems which hold the rubber dam to the underlying concrete structure, and inflation and deflation mechanisms for rubber dams. The book provides a holistic lifecycle assessment of rubber dams to give additional insight to readers looking to deploy rubber dam technology\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
Journal Article
Estimation of lattice strain in ZnO nanoparticles: X-ray peak profile analysis
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized from chitosan and zinc chloride by a precipitation method. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction peak profile analysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy and Photoluminescence. The X-ray diffraction results revealed that the sample was crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite phase. We have investigated the crystallite development in ZnO nanoparticles by X-ray peak profile analysis. The Williamson–Hall analysis and size–strain plot were used to study the individual contributions of crystallite sizes and lattice strain
ϵ
on the peak broadening of ZnO nanoparticles. The parameters including strain, stress and energy density value were calculated for all the reflection peaks of X-ray diffraction corresponding to wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO lying in the range 20°–80° using the modified form of Williamson–Hall plots and size–strain plot. The results showed that the crystallite size estimated from Scherrer’s formula, Williamson–Hall plots and size–strain plot, and the particle size estimated from Transmission electron microscopy analysis are very much inter-correlated. Both methods, the X-ray diffraction and Transmission electron microscopy, provide less deviation between crystallite size and particle size in the present case.
Journal Article
Durability of an Epoxy Resin and Its Carbon Fiber- Reinforced Polymer Composite upon Immersion in Water, Acidic, and Alkaline Solutions
The usage of polymer composites in various engineering fields has increased. However, the long-term service performance of such materials under aggressive conditions is still poorly understood, which limits the development of safe and economically effective designs. In this study, the aging of an epoxy resin and its carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites upon immersion in water, acidic, and alkaline solutions was evaluated at different temperatures. The service life of the CFRP composites under various conditions could be predicted by the Arrhenius theory. The thermal and mechanical analysis results indicated that the CFRP composites were more vulnerable to HCl owing to the higher moisture absorption and diffusion of HCl into their cracks. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the polymer matrix was damaged and degraded. Therefore, to allow long-term application, CFRP composites must be protected from acidic environments.
Journal Article
Advances in cellulose nanomaterials
Research on nanocellulose has significantly increased over the past few decades, owing to the various attractive characteristics of this material, such as renewability, widespread availability, low density, excellent mechanical properties, economic value, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Nanocellulose categorized into two main types, namely cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In this review, we present the recent advances made in the production of CNFs and CNCs. In addition to the conventional mechanical and chemical treatments used to prepare CNFs and CNCs, respectively, other promising techniques as well as pretreatment processes have been also proposed in recent times, in an effort to design an economically efficient and eco-friendly production route for nanocellulose. Further, while the hydrophilic nature of nanocellulose limits its use in polymeric matrices and in some industrial applications, the large number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of nanocellulose provides a suitable platform for various kinds of modification treatments. The various chemical and physical surface treatment procedures reported for nanocellulose have been reviewed in this paper. Finally, in this review, we summarize the life cycle assessment studies conducted so far on nanocellulose, which quantify the environmental impact of nanocellulose products. The current paper is a comprehensive review of the recent literature on nanostructured cellulose.
Journal Article
Nanoparticles: Taking a Unique Position in Medicine
The human nature of curiosity, wonder, and ingenuity date back to the age of humankind. In parallel with our history of civilization, interest in scientific approaches to unravel mechanisms underlying natural phenomena has been developing. Recent years have witnessed unprecedented growth in research in the area of pharmaceuticals and medicine. The optimism that nanotechnology (NT) applied to medicine and drugs is taking serious steps to bring about significant advances in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease—a shift from fantasy to reality. The growing interest in the future medical applications of NT leads to the emergence of a new field for nanomaterials (NMs) and biomedicine. In recent years, NMs have emerged as essential game players in modern medicine, with clinical applications ranging from contrast agents in imaging to carriers for drug and gene delivery into tumors. Indeed, there are instances where nanoparticles (NPs) enable analyses and therapies that cannot be performed otherwise. However, NPs also bring unique environmental and societal challenges, particularly concerning toxicity. Thus, clinical applications of NPs should be revisited, and a deep understanding of the effects of NPs from the pathophysiologic basis of a disease may bring more sophisticated diagnostic opportunities and yield more effective therapies and preventive features. Correspondingly, this review highlights the significant contributions of NPs to modern medicine and drug delivery systems. This study also attempted to glimpse the future impact of NT in medicine and pharmaceuticals.
Journal Article
Chitin and Chitosan Based Composites for Energy and Environmental Applications: A Review
Chitin and chitosan are the second most abundant natural biopolymers in the curst of the earth. These polysaccharide biopolymers have a long linear chain-like structure connected with β-
d
glucosidic linkage with the functionalizable surface groups. Because of the structural features, these biomaterials exhibit unique physical, chemical, mechanical and optical properties, which contributed to the tunable and outstanding properties such as low density, high porosity, renewability, natural biodegradability, and environmental friendliness, etc. Chitin was synthesized via mechanical, chemical, chemo-mechanical, and eco-friendly biological methods and the deacetylation of the synthesized chitin carried for the preparation of chitosan. With the chemical modification used for the preparation of chitosan, there occurs some minor change in characteristics; however, most of the properties were relatable due to major similarities in the microstructures. The inherent antibacterial, non-toxic, and biodegradable properties with the ease of processibility of both polymer has the potential to become a successful alternative to its synthetic counterparts for energy and environmental applications. However, the poor mechanical and thermal properties in comparison to the conventional alternatives have restricted its widespread applications. This review addresses various areas such as extraction techniques of chitin and synthesis of chitosan, discussion of the common characteristics of both polymers together such as crystallinity, thermal properties, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and surface charge. Moreover, this review paper also addresses the common functionalization techniques for both polymer and the use of both unmodified chitin and chitosan along with their derivatives in environmental and energy applications such as air pollution, heavy metal adsorption, dye adsorption, biosensors, EMI shielding, fuel cell, solar cell, lithium-ion batteries, and biofuels.
Graphic Abstract
Journal Article
Glycolysis: an efficient route for recycling of end of life polyurethane foams
The increased applications of Polyurethane
(
PU) materials give rise to a higher amount of wastes, which have a devastating effect on the earth in turn; therefore, the management of end-of-life wastes is one of the most important issues in the modern world. Although incineration and landfilling are the most common procedure adopted for waste disposal, but both of them caused environmental problems such as air and soil pollution. Moreover, the former triggers global warming, and the latter causes water pollution making the problem worst. As a consequence, finding economical and environmentally friendly methods are a high priority topic for researchers to overcome this problem. Fortunately, recycling is an environmentally attractive solution, and there is an increased interest by the researchers in recycling PU wastes. Several recycling techniques for PUs have been described in the technical and scientific literature. Without any doubt, glycolysis reaction is one of the most important recycling method, especially for rigid and flexible PUs. In this review, glycolysis of waste polyurethane foam (PUF) materials with different glycols and catalysts, especially metallic ones were considered, and the effect of some additional parameters such as the nature of glycol, catalyst, temperature and material ratio were discussed too. In addition, a brief description on characterization of recycled products, and potential application of regenerated products is carried out.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Roll-to-roll printing of polymer and perovskite solar cells: compatible materials and processes
The exploration and harnessing of the renewable sources of energy, in addition to that of the conventional sources, has become significantly prominent with the increasing global energy demands for the continuous production of the energy for world consumption. Among these sources, for different applications, the approach of harnessing of the solar energy using the solar cells based on organic materials has already been envisaged as an alternative to that of using the solar cells based on silicon, with much of focus on the polymer based solar cells, and more recently perovskite solar cells. Such applications require the unique property of flexibility of the solar cells based on solution processable active materials. In addition, as the required area of the solar cells for these applications can be very large, the upscaling of the manufacturing rate and the size of these solar cells requires the manufacturing of these solar cells with faster techniques of roll-to-roll printing, which allow the faster and massive commercial scale for production. This review gives a detailed account of the recent progress and the development of the roll-to-roll printing technology for the polymer and perovskite solar cells, including the roll-to-roll-compatible materials and processes, over few years. Graphic abstract
Journal Article
Biofuel production from microalgae: challenges and chances
The inherent capability and increased efficiency of microalgae to convert sunlight into solar chemical energy are further enhanced by the higher amount of oils stored in microalgae compared to other land-based plant species. Therefore, the widespread interest in producing biofuels from microalgae has gained considerable interest among leading energy experts and researchers due to the burgeoning global issues stemming from the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, future energy security, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the competition for limited resources between food crops and conventional biomass feedstock. This paper aims to present the recent advances in biofuel production from microalgae and the potential benefits of microalgae in the energy and environmental sectors, as well as sustainable development. Besides, bottlenecks and challenges mainly relating to techniques of cultivation and harvesting, as well as downstream processes are completely presented. Promising solutions and novel trends for realizing strategies of producing biofuels from microalgae on an industrial and commercial scale are also discussed in detail. Alternatively, the role of microalgae in the circular economy is thoroughly analyzed, indicating that the potential of scaling up current microalgae-based production could benefit from the waste-to-energy strategy with microalgae as a key intermediate. In the future, further research into combining different microalgae biomass pretreatment techniques, separating the microalgae feedstock from the cultured media, developing new species, and optimizing the biofuel production process should be carried out to reduce the prices of microalgae biofuels.
Journal Article