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The need of genuine processors operation improvement cultivates the necessity for reliable, low power and fast memories. Several challenges follow this improvement at lower technology nodes. The impact of variability of process, temperature and voltage, on different performance parameters turns out to be most relevant issues in the nanometre SRAM design. The authors propose a 10T SRAM circuit that shows reduction in read power dissipation while maintaining fair performance and stability. Impression of process parameter variations on various design metrics such as read power, read current and data retention voltage of the proposed cell are presented and compared with already proposed SRAM cell. The projected topology offers differential read and single‐ended write operation. The read margin and write margin are enhanced by 8.69% and 16.85% respectively in comparison to standard 6T SRAM cell even when single‐ended write operation is performed. Furthermore, the read and write delay of projected topology improve by 1.78× and 2.326× in comparison with conventional 6T bit SRAM cell. In FF process corner, the proposed topology shows lowest data retention voltage (DRV) and minimum variation in DRV with temperature. Out of all considered topologies, the proposed circuit is optimized to minimum power delay product during read operation. Further, standby power and read power of proposed 10T cell is reduced by 34.65% and 2.03× in contrast to conventional 6T SRAM at 0.9 V supply voltage. Analysis of process variations tolerance read power and read current is also presented with 45 nm generic process design kit technology file using cadence virtuoso tool.

Satellite communication plays a vital role in extending 5G cellular networks to hard-to-reach areas, including airplanes, railways, shipments, other transport mechanisms, and especially in rural regions of the country that are traditionally beyond the reach of cellular service providers. The devices, specifically those incorporating static memories, being employed for satellite communication, face the challenge of getting prone to cosmic radiations or alpha particle strikes. These strikes cause multi-bit errors in static-memory cells that lead to loss of total output yield. This work proposes a low power twelve transistor (12T) SRAM cell that confirms a reduction in multi-bit errors for the Internet of things based devices supporting fifth-generation (5G) communication system. The proposed SRAM ensures improved read and write ability by utilizing a read decoupled access path and loop cutting mechanism, respectively. The proposed design improves read/write stability by 2.02  × /1.05 × in comparison to conventional 6T cell with 2.52  ×  silicon space overhead. The area overhead is neutralized by 3.17 × improvement in I on / I off ratio that improves cell density of SRAM cell. The improved critical charge of the proposed 12T SRAM cell is compared with four other considered cells to ensure the reduction in multi-bit soft errors, and thereby confirming its suitability for devices supporting satellite communications. The proposed design successfully eliminates the half-select issue that enables the implementation of the bit-interleaved architecture. The leakage power of the proposed 12T cell is improved by 2.65 × in comparison to conventional 6T attributed to series-connected devices used as loop cutting pair. This reduction of leakage power remains sustained till 110 ∘ temperature. The simulation of this work has been conducted with cadence virtuoso tool using GPDK 45 nm technology file.

Hypertension poses a critical threat to health in India, being the predominant risk factor for mortality and disability. With over 70% of outpatient care being provided by the private sector, our study investigated the practices and incentives of private health providers in screening, diagnosing, treating, monitoring, and counseling hypertension patients in rural and peri-urban India. Conducted from April 2020 to February 2021, the qualitative study involved 46 participants, including various healthcare professionals and patients in three Telangana state districts. Analysis revealed a lack of recognition of hypertension’s gravity among private providers in these areas, leading to inconsistent screening practices and varied diagnostic thresholds, particularly among rural medical practitioners. Both formal and informal providers lacked standardized protocols and follow-up mechanisms, with limited technical knowledge about hypertension observed, especially among rural practitioners who were often the first point of contact. Drug effectiveness, and incentives from pharmaceutical sales representatives influenced prescribing practices. Diagnostic labs also offered financial incentives for patient referrals. Thus, aligning providers’ objectives with patient preferences and public health goals is crucial. To encourage evidence-based hypertension care, the government and NGOs could implement strategies such as tailored incentives, financial rewards, tax benefits, accreditation, and recognition for private healthcare providers. Professional bodies in the private sector should establish programs emphasizing quality assurance and certifications. Future research should focus on designing and testing new models for private sector hypertension service delivery, coupled with targeted interventions to enhance care in rural and peri-urban settings.

Smartphones have become integral to people's lives, with a noticeable increase in the average screen time, both on a global scale and, notably, in India. Existing research links mobile consumption to sleep problems, poor physical and mental health, and lower subjective well-being. The comparative effectiveness of monetary incentives given for self-selected versus assigned targets on reducing screen time and thereby improving mental health remains unanswered. This study aims to assess the impact of monetary incentives and target selection on mobile screen time reduction and mental health. We designed a 3-armed randomized controlled trial conducted with employees and students at an educational institution in India. The study is conducted digitally over 12 weeks, including baseline (2 weeks), randomization (1 week), intervention (5 weeks), and postintervention (4 week) periods. We emailed the employees and students to inquire about their interest in participation. Those who expressed interest received detailed study information and consent forms. After securing consent, participants were asked to complete the initial survey and provide their mobile screen time during the baseline period. At the beginning of the intervention period, the participants were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 study groups in a 2:2:1 ratio (self-selected vs assigned vs control). Participants in the self-selected group were presented with 3 target options: 10%, 20%, and 30%, and they were asked to self-select a target to reduce their mobile screen time from their baseline average mobile screen time. Participants in the assigned group were given a target to reduce their mobile screen time from their baseline average mobile screen time. The assigned target was set as the average of the targets selected by participants in the self-selected group. During the intervention period, participants in the self-selected and assigned group were eligible to receive a monetary incentive of INR (Indian Rupee) 50 (US $0.61) per day for successfully attaining their target. Participants in the control group neither received nor selected a target for reducing their mobile screen time and did not receive any monetary incentives during the intervention period. All participants received information regarding the advantages of reducing mobile screen time. As an incentive, all participants would receive INR 500 (US $6.06) upon completion of the study and a chance to win 1 of 2 lotteries valued at INR 5000 (US $60.55) for consistently sharing their mobile screen time data. Currently, the study intervention is being rolled out. Enrollment occurred between August 21, 2023, and September 2, 2023; data collection concluded in November 2023. We expect that results will be available by early 2024. The monetary incentives and self-selected versus assigned targets might be effective interventions in reducing mobile screen time among working professionals and students. AsPredicted 142497; https://aspredicted.org/hr3nn.pdf. DERR1-10.2196/53756.

Static random access memory (SRAM) cell design has undergone extensive development to achieve good performance and low power consumption. This paper introduces an SRAM cell with ten carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs) named 10 T CNTFET SRAM cell to help with that and to address the drawback of most SRAM cells caused by their poor stability during read operation. The Schmitt-trigger (ST)-based inverter and PPN-inverter are coupled back to back to create the novel SRAM cell structure. Additionally, single-ended writing, feed-back cutting, and single-ended reading are used in this novel SRAM cell. The single-ended writing technique and feed-back cutting method are used to their full potential to increase the write static noise margin (WSNM) of this 10 T CNTFET SRAM cell. The single-ended read mode of this 10 T CNTFET SRAM cell increases the read static noise margin (RSNM) as the storage nodes are not disturbed. The hold power, read power, WSNM, hold static noise margin (HSNM), RSNM, read delay, leakage power, and VDD min of this 10 T CNTFET SRAM cell are 0.5527 nW, 1.8087 nW, 432.4 mV, 360 mV, 360 mV, 5.0651 pS, 0.276 nW, and 32.1 mV, respectively. To understand the performance of this introduced SRAM cell and several existing SRAM cells are simulated and the parameters are compared. A comparative study shows that the introduced cell is more stable than the other cells while consuming less power during reading and holding. Furthermore, the new cell reads much faster and has less VDD min than the other bit cells. This research also documents how SRAM cell performance changes when the CNTFET parameters change. Using the 32 nm CNTFET model from Stanford University using the Hewlett simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (HSPICE) simulation tool, the simulation is carried out.

The power requirements of wireless sensor networks and internet of things (IoT) applications heavily rely on batteries. It is crucial that the memory cells utilized in these applications must consume low-power to prolong the battery life. In this paper, a static-random access memory (SRAM) cell is introduced that incorporates eleven carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). The proposed 11T CNTFET SRAM cell employs a single-ended approach for reading and writing data and read-decoupled approach to access data in the bit cell. In addition to this, Schmitt-trigger (ST) inverter is incorporated within the bit cell, to enhance its stability and power efficiency. To evaluate the performance of the proposed 11T CNTFET SRAM cell, 32 nm CNTFET model developed by the Stanford University- and HSPICE simulation tool are used for the simulations. The proposed 11T CNTFET bit cell’s results show write power, hold power, read power, write static noise margin, hold static noise margin read static noise margin, write delay and read delay of 0.182 nW, 0.2 nW, 0.197 nW, 453.5 mV, 380.5 mV, 383.3 mV, 102 pS and 41.9 pS, respectively at V DD  = 0.9 V. Comprehensive parametric simulations are also carried out to analyze the impact of various CNTFET parameters on performance metrics of proposed SRAM cell. The performance of proposed SRAM is fairly compared with existing SRAM cells implemented with CNTFETs and results are found to be quite encouraging. The proposed SRAM cell finds its suitability for use in designing memory devices targeted for wireless sensor networks, Internet of Things and smart biomedical gadgets.

Low density of formal care providers in rural India results in restricted and delayed access to standardized management of hypertension. Task-sharing with pharmacies, typically the first point of contact for rural populations, can bridge the gap in access to formal care and improve health outcomes. In this study, we implemented a hypertension care program involving task-sharing with twenty private pharmacies between November 2020 and April 2021 in two blocks of Bihar, India. Pharmacists conducted free hypertension screening, and a trained physician offered free consultations at the pharmacy. We calculated the number of subjects screened, initiated on treatment (enrolled) and the change in blood pressure using the data collected through the program application. Of the 3403 subjects screened at pharmacies, 1415 either reported having a history of hypertension or had elevated blood pressure during screening. Of these, 371 (26.22%) were enrolled in the program. Of these, 129 (34.8%) made at least one follow-up visit. For these subjects, the adjusted average difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the screening and follow-up visits was −11.53 (−16.95 to −6.11, 95% CI) and −4.68 (−8.53 to −0.82, 95% CI) mmHg, respectively. The adjusted odds of blood pressure being under control in this group during follow-up visits compared to screening visit was 7.07 (1.29 to 12.85, 95% CI). Task-sharing with private pharmacies can lead to early detection and improved control of blood pressure in a resource-constrained setting. Additional strategies to increase patient screening and retention rates are needed to ensure sustained health benefits.

This dissertation is a two-part essays on development economics and experimental economics. In the first essay ”Pathways to Preventive Health, Evidence from India’s Rural Roads Program” we estimate the impact of a massive nationwide road construction program on the usage, provision, and awareness of preventive health care. Under this program, the government mandates to connect all villages with a population of at least 500 within the reach of the nearest link road via an all-weather road. Using the population of the village, we match the household survey data (DLHS-3) with the program placement data at the village (treatment) level. We use a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity (FRD) technique to overcome the problem of endogenous program placement. Our results suggest that the provision of roads increases the use of preventive health care by women and households. We further show that this increase in health care usage comes not only from increase in income or reduction in travel cost but also from: a) increase in the awareness amongst households and individual, b) improvement in health care supply, and c) increase in social interaction within and between villages. Our results show additional benefits of providing roads and provides important insights for increasing preventive health care use in developing countries. In the second essay ”The Path to Equilibrium in Sequential and Simultaneous Games” we study in the laboratory three-player and four-player, two-action, dominance solvable games of complete information. We consider sequential and simultaneous versions of games that have the same equilibrium actions. Our objective is to test whether players play differently in the sequential games than in the simultaneous games and in case we see a difference in their behavior between these two games, with the help of mousetracking technique we want to know whether the players also analyze the two games differently. We find slightly more equilibrium choices in sequential than in simultaneous, and an overall good fit of level k theory. Two attentional variables are highly predictive of equilibrium behavior in both versions: looking at the payoffs necessary to compute the Nash equilibrium and looking at payoffs in the order predicted by sequential elimination of the strategies. Finally, the sequence of lookups reveals different decision making processes between sequential and simultaneous games, even among subjects who play the equilibrium strategy. Subjects have a harder time finding the player with a dominant strategy in simultaneous than in sequential. However conditional on finding such player, the unraveling logic of iterated elimination of dominated strategies is performed (equally) fast and efficient in both games.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is usually considered a rapidly progressive fatal illness with poor outcomes. It is of two types: primary or familial and secondary. In patients with HIV, opportunistic infections are the secondary triggers of HLH. First line of management of infection associated HLH is treatment of the underlying infection. Here, we present a case of HLH in HIV infection due to disseminated histoplasmosis managed with liposomal amphotericin B, who required immunosuppressive therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin and dexamethasone due to nonresponse to primary therapy.

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of using convalescent plasma to treat moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in adults in India.DesignOpen label, parallel arm, phase II, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.Setting39 public and private hospitals across India.Participants464 adults (≥18 years) admitted to hospital (screened 22 April to 14 July 2020) with confirmed moderate covid-19 (partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio between 200 mm Hg and 300 mm Hg or a respiratory rate of more than 24/min with oxygen saturation 93% or less on room air): 235 were assigned to convalescent plasma with best standard of care (intervention arm) and 229 to best standard of care only (control arm).InterventionsParticipants in the intervention arm received two doses of 200 mL convalescent plasma, transfused 24 hours apart. The presence and levels of neutralising antibodies were not measured a priori; stored samples were assayed at the end of the study.Main outcome measureComposite of progression to severe disease (PaO2/FiO2 <100 mm Hg) or all cause mortality at 28 days post-enrolment.ResultsProgression to severe disease or all cause mortality at 28 days after enrolment occurred in 44 (19%) participants in the intervention arm and 41 (18%) in the control arm (risk difference 0.008 (95% confidence interval −0.062 to 0.078); risk ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 1.54).ConclusionConvalescent plasma was not associated with a reduction in progression to severe covid-19 or all cause mortality. This trial has high generalisability and approximates convalescent plasma use in real life settings with limited laboratory capacity. A priori measurement of neutralising antibody titres in donors and participants might further clarify the role of convalescent plasma in the management of covid-19.Trial registrationClinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2020/04/024775.