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"Sagan, Scott Douglas"
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The Madman Nuclear Alert: Secrecy, Signaling, and Safety in October 1969
Describes the motivations behind the US military full nuclear alert in Oct 1969. Designed to remain secret from the American people & US allies, the operation involved full nuclear readiness, & on 27 Oct 1969, a show of force with 18 B-52s armed with thermonuclear weapons flying across AK, in oval patterns toward the Soviet Union, & back during 18-hour flights. Only a few US military officers knew of this operation, & even the Strategic Air Command (SAC) commander was not informed as to its purpose. This article explains the thinking of President Richard Nixon & his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, as they used a full nuclear alert to support his madman theory to gain leverage in the Paris peace negotiations over Vietnam. It also gives a history of the event to aid understanding of nuclear weapons decision making & diplomacy. Both the nuclear safety issues associated with the event & the crisis diplomacy counterfactuals portray the risks involved in the alert. This event raises serious questions concerning democratic control of nuclear weapons & has implications concerning the proliferation of nuclear weapons & their spread among the governments of South Asia, the Middle East, & East Asia. L. A. Hoffman
Journal Article
Private and public voice: exploring cultural influence
Purpose - This research adopts Hofstede's typology of culture as a framework to test for cultural differences regarding consumer verbal behaviors in the context of a service provider switching incident.Design methodology approach - The study includes respondents from five countries selected to provide global diversity by including cultures from Asia, Europe, South America, and North America. Cooperation from a variety of businesses was utilized in each country investigated to survey employees.Findings - Findings indicate there are significant relationships between cultural orientation and: the propensity of engaging in discussion of service switching incidents; communication valence; the social network that private word-of-mouth is shared with; the likelihood of public complaint behavior.Research limitations implications - The sample, while five-country in design, is somewhat limited by its representation at the extremes (i.e. most developed and least developed) and from urban populations only. Within-country differences are also not considered. A broad range of service sectors strengthens the results, but does not allow for sector-specific conclusions. The results of this study can assist global service providers to better understand the role that culture plays in customer verbal behaviors as well as providing direction to formulate strategies and tactics to better manage the complaint process.Originality value - As service organizations become more globally diverse, understanding the subtle influences of cultural differences becomes increasingly important for building effective customer relationships. No study to date has examined consumer post-switching verbal behaviors across a broad range of cultural settings.
Journal Article
THE REALITIES OF ARMS CONTROL
A layman's guide to why freezes are not as simple as they look, and an explanation of other approaches to arms reductions
Magazine Article