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The atmospheric conditions like rain degrade visibility, creating problems for computer vision applications. In single-image de-raining, the lack of temporal information creates challenges. Rain removal requires a high-frequency layer extraction, as rain affects an image’s high-frequency layer (detail layer). This article has proposed using a combination of image decomposition and Inception ResNet v2 (IR v2) network for single-image rain removal. A guided filter decomposes the rainy image into the base and detail layers. The use of the Inception ResNet v2 (IR v2) network is proposed to create the residual map of the rain streaks from the high-frequency layer of the input image. The de-rained image obtained by subtracting the residual from the original rainy image provides comparable results. SSIM is added to MSE to train the IR v2 network, which improves the network’s performance. The complexity of the network (IR v2) is high. A systematic reduction in the network is done first at the module level and later at convolution filters. The proposed refinement decreases network complexity and reduces execution time without degrading the performance. An extensive test using natural and artificial rainy images reveals that the proposed refined Inception ResNet v2 (rIR v2) favorably competes against the recent single-image de-raining techniques.

In developing countries like Bangladesh, self-medication has become a predicament associated with health risks and clinical complications. To date, no studies have been conducted on the practice of self-medication among the indigenous population living in Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT). This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication and analyzing the factors associated with it among the indigenous population in CHT. This cross-sectional study was conducted from late October to early December 2020; among different indigenous group populations residing in the three districts of CHT aged 18 or more. A pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire was developed to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, health status, frequency of self-medication, reasons for self-medication in last one year, as well as other variables. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess associated factors with self-medication. A total of 1350 people from different indigenous populations were interviewed, among whom 49.9% practiced self-medication. The rate of self-prescribed antibiotics usage (80.9%) was significantly higher compared to other drugs. Self-prescribed medications were mostly used for diarrhea and food poisoning (60.6%), cough, cold and fever (51.4%), and headache (51.4%). A common source of self-prescribed medicines was community or retail pharmacy and the most reported reason for self-prescribed medication was the long-distance of healthcare facilities from home. The prevalence of self-medication is substantially high among indigenous people and the effect is alarming. Particular concern is the misuse of antibiotics and analgesic drugs. Increasing awareness among the population of the negative effect of self-medication and implementation of proper policies and actions are urgently needed to prevent self-medication among indigenous population in Bangladesh.

Objectives: Captopril is a commonly used therapeutic agent in the management of renovascular hypertension (high blood pressure), congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction, and nephropathy. Captopril has been found to interact with proteins that are significantly associated with bladder cancer (BLCA), suggesting that it could be a potential medication for BLCA patients with concurrent hypertension. Methods: DrugBank 5.0 was utilized to identify the direct protein targets (DPTs) of captopril. STRING was used to analyze the multiple protein interactions. TNMPlot was used for comparing gene expression in normal, tumor, and metastatic tissue. Then, docking with target proteins was done using Autodock. Molecular dynamics simulations were applied for estimate the diffusion coefficients and mean-square displacements in materials. Results: Among all these proteins, MMP9 is observed to be an overexpressed gene in BLCA and its increased expression is linked to reduced survival in patients. Our findings indicate that captopril effectively inhibits both the wild type and common mutated forms of MMP9 in BLCA. Furthermore, the LCN2 gene, which is also overexpressed in BLCA, interacts with captopril-associated proteins. The overexpression of LCN2 is similarly associated with reduced survival in BLCA. Through molecular docking analysis, we have identified specific amino acid residues (Tyr179, Pro421, Tyr423, and Lys603) at the active pocket of MMP9, as well as Tyr78, Tyr106, Phe145, Lys147, and Lys156 at the active pocket of LCN2, with which captopril interacts. Thus, our data provide compelling evidence for the inhibitory potential of captopril against human proteins MMP9 and LCN2, both of which play crucial roles in BLCA. Conclusion: These discoveries present promising prospects for conducting subsequent validation studies both in vitro and in vivo, with the aim of assessing the suitability of captopril for treating BLCA patients, irrespective of their hypertension status, who exhibit elevated levels of MMP9 and LCN2 expression.

Self-healing concrete is a cement-based substance that can mend itself from a hairline crack. This experiment examines the effectiveness of the gram-positive cell bacteria Bacillus cereus on the self-healing characteristics of steel-slag bio-concrete (SSBC). The study's ultimate goal is to discern the best proportions of bacteria to incorporate into bio-concrete by examining the fresh, hardened, and self-healing qualities, as well as machine learning (ML) approaches with SHAP and PDP analysis to forecast crack width. As a result, five distinct mix designs were developed by substituting steel slag for varying percentages of sand, e.g., 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The behavior of steel-slag concrete (SSC) was evaluated through fresh, mechanical, and non-destructive tests (NDT) to determine the optimal percentage of steel slag. After finding the ideal percentage of steel slag, three different bacterial solutions of 12.5 × 10 5  CFU/ml, 25 × 10 5  CFU/ml, and 31.25 × 10 5  CFU/ml were mixed with calcium lactate as a feeder to make SSBC. The compressive strength of the mix, which consisted of 12.5 × 10 5  CFU/ml, 25 × 10 5  CFU/ml, and 31.25 × 10 5  CFU/ml B. cereus bacteria, along with a constant 30% steel slag, increased by 13.85%, 21.75%, and 31.57% at 28 days. In the NDT test, the assessment of the rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) showed a similar tendency to the compressive strength test. Visual observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to examine the crack-healing tendency of the SSBC. SEM images revealed that adding B. cereus improved the physical characteristics of the concrete by forming CaCO 3 crystals, which heal the microcracks. The CatBoost model exhibits greater precision and reliability, even though the regression coefficient (R 2 ) of the random forest (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN) models is similarly outstanding.

Objective: This study was conducted to validate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a confirma¬tory diagnostic tool to find out the presence and frequency of Streptococcus agalactiae (S. aga¬lactiae) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) in mastitic milk samples obtained from dairy cows in the southern region of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 196 samples of bovine milk were collected from various dairy farms in the Chattogram metropolitan area of the southern part of Bangladesh. DNA extracted from isolates obtained by culturing California mastitis test (CMT)-positive mastitic milk samples (n = 146) on 5% sheep blood agar was used as a template for PCR. Two sets of specific primers based on the 16S rRNA gene were used to discriminate between S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae. Four PCR products were subjected to sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results: The PCR analyses revealed that out of the 146 CMT-positive milk samples tested, 29 samples were positive for S. agalactiae (19.86%), while 26 samples were positive for S. dysgalac¬tiae (17.81%). Further sequence analysis of the corresponding PCR products and bioinformatics analysis verified the results. Conclusion: The study proves the efficiency of PCR as a useful diagnostic approach to determine the presence and prevalence of S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae in mastitic milk samples obtained from dairy cows.

This research work is devoted to the experimental investigation of both rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) produced with waste galvanized copper wire fiber and rice husk ash (RHA). In the study, three different volume fractions of 0.5 p to 0.75 percent, 1 percent of scrap copper wire fiber as reinforcing material, and 2 percent RHA as cement replacement were used. To evaluate the fresh characteristics of SCC, the slump flow, J-ring, and V-funnel experiments were conducted for this investigation. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete were conducted to assess the hardened properties. The test was carried out to compare each characteristic of plain SCC with this modified SCC mixture, containing RHA as pozzolanic materials and copper fiber as reinforcing material. Incorporating copper fiber in the SCC leads to a drop in fresh properties compared to plain SCC but remains within an acceptable range. On the other hand, the inclusion of 2% RHA makes the SCC more viscous. Although adding 2% RHA and 1% copper wire in SCC provide the highest strength, this mix has an unacceptable passing ability. The SCC mix prepared with 2% RHA and 0.75% copper fiber is suggested to be optimum in terms of the overall performance. According to this study, adding metallic fiber reinforcement like copper wire and mineral admixture like RHA can improve the mechanical properties of SCC up to a certain level.

Traditional paddy cultivars (TPC) have a high nutritional and medicinal value and can survive severe stress conditions. TPCs are soil and region-specific, produced with organic manure, and free of pesticides or insecticides; as a result, they are more resistant to pests and naturally strong. TPCs are the best solution to the issues of unpredictable rainfall and aid in preventing pest infection since climate change does not affect them, such as increases or decreases in temperatures, humidity, and drought. TPCs are more valuable on the market than new high-yielding and improved varieties and need less labour to grow. Traditional rice has been used to treat various specific conditions, including high blood pressure, digestive system issues, skin inflammation, and blood sugar regulation. This review aims to educate farmers, seed growers, and researchers receiving valuable information regarding the importance of different TPC and cultivating more areas of suitable traditional cultivars of paddy for sustainable agriculture. Therefore, it is crucial to put policies in place to properly preserve farmers' variety if agriculture is to thrive sustainably.

The global food demand cannot be met by conventional agriculture due to land scarcity, necessitating the development of new methods like hydroponics, which has a greater impact than traditional soil systems. Future research may involve larger-scale experiments to determine if the hydroponic system can satisfy market demand. Various industries and anthropogenic activities release contaminated water from various sources. In this regard, hydroponics has proven useful in various fields, including toxicological studies, native and exotic crop implementation, and traditional crop cultivation. It has been demonstrated as a method for treating contaminated water, reducing pollutant load on the environment, while the contaminants serve as essential nutrients for the plants. The authors discussed the role of hydroponics in wastewater reclamation and increased crop productivity, including several plants recommended for hydroponics. This review evaluates various studies on hydroponics as a substitute for agriculture in industrial areas and its role in wastewater management, using keyword-based searches to evaluate the advancements in hydroponics over the years. Hydroponics can restore the balance between industrial development and agriculture, reinstitute agriculture in urban areas as an alternate livelihood among natives, and assist in depleting potable water scarcity sustainably. The review article advocates for hydroponics in industrial settings, particularly in RCF's coal mining districts, to mitigate health risks from polluted wastewater, promote bioremediation, and reinstating of agriculture, thereby restoring food security.

The incorporation of waste materials generated in many industries has been actively advocated for in the construction industry, since they have the capacity to lessen the pollution on dumpsites, mitigate environmental resource consumption, and establish a sustainable environment. This research has been conducted to determine the influence of different rice husk ash (RHA) concentrations on the fresh and mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. RHA was employed to partially replace the cement at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Fresh properties, such as slump, compacting factor, density, and surface absorption, were determined. In contrast, its mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, were assessed after 7, 28, and 60 days. In addition, the microstructural evaluation, initial surface absorption test, = environmental impact, and cost-benefit analysis were evaluated. The results show that the incorporation of RHA reduces the workability of fresh mixes, while enhancing their compressive, splitting, and flexural strength up to 7.16%, 7.03%, and 3.82%, respectively. Moreover, incorporating 10% of RHA provides the highest compressive strength, splitting tensile, and flexural strength, with an improved initial surface absorption and microstructural evaluation and greater eco-strength efficiencies. Finally, a relatively lower CO -eq (equivalent to kg CO ) per MPa for RHA concrete indicates the significant positive impact due to the reduced Global Warming Potential (GWP). Thus, the current findings demonstrated that RHA can be used in the concrete industry as a possible revenue source for developing sustainable concretes with high performance.

Urban air pollution remains a critical environmental challenge in rapidly developing countries such as India, with severe implications for public health, ecosystem stability, and progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 11, and 13). While mechanical air-purification systems offer some relief, their high costs and operational limitations underscore the need for sustainable, nature-based solutions. This review highlights phytoremediation as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and scalable approach that uses plants to capture, absorb, and degrade pollutants including CO2, NO2, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The mechanisms underlying phytoremediation—such as surface deposition, stomatal uptake, biochemical transformation, and carbon sequestration—are discussed to illustrate how plants improve air quality in diverse environments. A global assessment, supported by case studies across Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Africa, demonstrates increasing post-COVID interest in plant-based strategies as part of green recovery initiatives. Several outdoor species, including Magnolia grandiflora L., Ficus benghalensis L., Buxus sempervirens L., Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Quercus ilex L., and Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., effectively remove Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), particulate matter, and heavy metals. Indoor plants such as Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel, Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S. Bunting, Syngonium podophyllum Schott, and Crassula ovata (Miller) Druce efficiently eliminate VOCs, ozone, formaldehyde, and other pollutants. Additionally, the model species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. offers valuable insights into the molecular basis of heavy-metal tolerance. Together, these species underscore the versatility and promise of phytoremediation in promoting cleaner air. The review also explores India’s urban air-pollution landscape—particularly in Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai—and evaluates national programmes such as Swachh Bharat Mission, the National Clean Air Programme, and the National Mission for a Green India. A Strengths–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Challenges (SWOC) analysis further outlines the practical potential and limitations of large-scale phytoremediation initiatives. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrating phytoremediation with strategic urban planning and green audits can significantly advance efforts toward healthier, more resilient, and sustainable urban ecosystems.