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As online videos have become more easily available and more attractive to the new generation of students, and as new student-learning approaches tend to have more technology integration, the flipped classroom model has become very popular. The purpose of this study was to understand college students' views on flipped courses and investigate how the flipping affects their achievement in mathematics. We also studied how college students prepared for flipped classroom sections. Finally, college students' views were analyzed to see what they think about flipping in terms of benefits and preparation. Participants were 96 college students consisting of mostly freshmen ＆ sophomores. We utilized descriptive statistics and paired t-test to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics revealed that participants preferred watching flip class videos (44%) over reading the sections from the textbook (17%) for preparation. Dependent t-test results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between students' average quiz scores from non-flipped sections and flipped sections. Students achieved significantly higher quiz scores in flipped sections than non-flipped ones. Overall, most of the students (83%) stated that flipped-taught lessons prepared them better.

Background Cholelithiasis (CL) and umbilical hernia (UH) often coexist, but their exact relationship remains underexplored. Both conditions share common risk factors such as obesity, female gender, and metabolic disorders, suggesting a potential pathophysiological link. Despite numerous retrospective analyses, robust prospective multicenter data are lacking. This study aims to provide a more accurate estimation of the prevalence of UH in CL patients and vice versa, identify independent risk factors, and assess the predictive value of BMI in this association. Methods In this prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study, 278 adult patients presenting with either CL or UH were enrolled across four tertiary medical centers between October 2023 and September 2024. Participants were categorized into CL and UH groups based on clinical and radiological assessments. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities were carefully analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent risk factors, while receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined optimal BMI thresholds predictive of CL and UH. Results A total of 44 (25.9%) patients with CL had UH, while 32 (29.6%) patients with UH had CL. Multivariate analysis revealed female gender (OR: 0.221, 95% CI: 0.068-0.724, p = 0.013) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², OR: 3.443, 95% CI: 1.337-8.886, p = 0.001) as significant independent risk factors. ROC analysis identified a BMI cut-off of 26.5 kg/m² for predicting CL in UH patients (AUC: 0.679, p = 0.001) and 28.8 kg/m² for predicting UH in CL patients (AUC: 0.748, p < 0.001). Conclusion The observed co-prevalence of CL and UH suggests a potential association that may warrant further clinical attention in carefully evaluated cases. Ultrasound screening for cholelithiasis may be considered in umbilical hernia patients with elevated BMI or other risk factors, as it may assist in surgical planning and help avoid intraoperative difficulties related to adhesions during possible future cholecystectomy. These findings suggest a potentially meaningful clinical association and support the need for further investigation into shared pathophysiological mechanisms.

STEM Education 2.0 discusses the most recent research on important selected K-12 STEM topics by synthesizing previous research and offering new research questions. The contributions range from analysis of key STEM issues that have been studied for more than two decades to topics that have more recently became popular, such as maker space and robotics. In each chapter, nationally and internationally known STEM experts review key literature in the field, share findings of their own research with its implications for K-12 STEM education, and finally offer future research areas and questions in the respected area they have been studying. This volume provides diverse and leading voices in the future of STEM education and STEM education research.

Background The fecal occult blood (FOB) test is one of the primary screening methods for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) in predicting CRC and other colorectal pathologies in patients with a positive FOB test. Methods This retrospective study included patients with a positive FOB test who underwent colonoscopy for the investigation of the etiology. The optimal cutoff levels of NLR and SII for predicting colorectal pathologies were determined using the receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Of the 157 FOB+ patients, 35% were male and 65% were female, with a median age of 59 years. There were 96 patients in Group 1 and 61 patients in Group 2. The mean age of the patients in Group 2 was significantly higher (p < 0.001). The rate of male patients was significantly higher in Group 2. NLR and SII were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p < 0.001). The area under the curve values of NLR and SII in predicting colorectal pathologies in FOB+ patients were 0.817 and 0.825, respectively. At the cutoff values of 0.689 and 0.795, NLR and SII had a sensitivity of 60.66% and 95.83%, respectively, and a specificity of 95.83% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and SII can be used as important biomarkers in the early diagnosis of CRC and other colorectal lesions in patients with a positive FOB test. The fecal occult blood (FOB) test is one of the primary screening methods for CRC. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) in predicting CRC and other colorectal pathologies in patients with a positive FOB test. This retrospective study included patients with a positive FOB test who underwent colonoscopy for the investigation of the etiology. The optimal cutoff levels of NLR and SII for predicting colorectal pathologies were determined using the receiver operating characteristic analysis. Of the 157 FOB+ patients, 35% were male and 65% were female, with a median age of 59 years. There were 96 patients in Group 1 and 61 patients in Group 2. The mean age of the patients in Group 2 was significantly higher (p < 0.001). The rate of male patients was significantly higher in Group 2. NLR and SII were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p < 0.001). The area under the curve values of NLR and SII in predicting colorectal pathologies in FOB+ patients were 0.817 and 0.825, respectively. At the cutoff values of 0.689 and 0.795, NLR and SII had a sensitivity of 60.66% and 95.83%, respectively, and a specificity of 95.83% and 100%, respectively. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and SII can be used as important biomarkers in the early diagnosis of CRC and other colorectal lesions in patients with a positive FOB test.

Aim: To bibliometrically identify the top 100 most cited articles from Turkey concerning pilonidal disease (PD) and analyze their features. Method: Databases searched in July 2021 included Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar to identify the most cited articles from studies about PD from Turkey. Each paper was evaluated in terms of publication year, number of authors, study group's institution, type and subject of the article, number of references, number of citations, and host journal. Results: The mean number of citations of the first 100 articles was 37.5. The articles were published in 37 different journals. The leading journal was Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. There was no correlation between journal impact factors and citation counts. Ninety-three of the articles were clinical trials. There was no correlation between the article type and the number of citations. The most frequently discussed topic was flap repairs, with 51 articles. In the last decade there was an increase in the number of articles concerning the application of phenol. The most productive decade was 2010-2019, with 51 articles. While Gülhane Military Medical Academy had the highest number of articles and total citations, Harran University Faculty of Medicine had the most cited article and the highest number of citations per article. In addition, 38 of the top 100 most cited papers in the WoS database were sent from Turkey. Conclusion: Turkey leads the world literature in articles on the PD. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum is the leading journal for Turkish PD studies. While flap repairs are the most discussed topic, the number of publications on the application of Phenol has increased in the last ten years.

Background: Approximately 25% of hepatic hydatid cysts rupture into the biliary tract. The precise effect of bile within the cyst on protoscoleces remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the effect of bile on protoscoleces. Methods: The contents of hydatid cysts from the livers of three sheep were aspirated under sterile conditions. The aspirated contents were divided into 50 separate Eppendorf tubes (5 cc). Samples from each tube were stained with 0.1% eosin Y. Pink stained protoscoleces were considered dead under light microscopy (x100). A total of 100 protoscoleces were counted in each sample, and the number of live and dead protoscoleces was recorded. The tubes were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 served as the control, Group 2 received normal saline (NS), Group 3, received hypertonic saline, Group 4 received bile, and Group 4 received diluted bile. The number of live and dead protoscoleces was recorded at the end of the first and second hours. Results: Compared to the initial count of live protoscoleces, the number of live protoscoleces increased at hours 1 and 2 in Groups 2 and 4. No live protoscoleces remained at hours 1 and 2 in Group 3. There was no significant change in Group 5. When compared to the control group, a significant increase in viability was observed only in Group 4 (P=0.001). Conclusion: Bile of sheep does not exhibit scolicidal effects; rather, it positively affects protoscoleces by increasing viability.

Aim. The aim was to evaluate the clinical Alvarado scoring system and computed tomography (CT) criteria for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Material and Methods. 117 patients with acute abdominal pain who underwent abdominal CT were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patient demographics, clinical Alvarado scoring, CT images, and pathologic results of the patients were evaluated. Results. 39 of the 53 patients who were operated on had pathologically proven acute appendicitis. CT criteria of appendiceal diameter, presence of periappendiceal inflammation, fluid, appendicolith, and white blood cell (WBC) count were significantly correlated with the inflammation of the appendix. The best cut-off value for appendiceal diameter was 6.5 mm. The correlation between appendiceal diameter and WBC count was 80% (P=0.01<0.05). The correlation between appendiceal diameter and Alvarado score was 78.7% (P=0.01<0.05). Conclusion. Presence of CT criteria of appendiceal diameter above 6.5 mm, periappendiceal inflammation, fluid, and appendicolith should prompt the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Since patients with acute appendicitis may not always show the typical signs and symptoms, CT is a helpful imaging modality for patients with relatively low Alvarado score and leukocytosis and when physical examination is confusing.

The present study focuses on the results of a four-year study that examined a Harmony Public School (HPS) high school students' STEM major selection patterns. We utilize 626 12th grade students who were common participants in each year of the 4-year study. We used quantitative method for the question 1 and 2 and a mainly tive focus the question 3. Descriptive statistics for the first question revealed that HPS students had higher rates in STEM career interest in all categories including gender and race/ethnicity throughout each of the four years of the study. For the second research question, we found that male students with higher science self-efficacy scores and less STEM club participation have a statistically significant effect on students' STEM major choice. For the third question, students indicated that their parents and teachers, and courses taken in high school were their top three factors that influenced their STEM career selection. Keywords: