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BACKGROUND: The development of the sternum begins during the intrauterine life and continues until the age of 25. However, specific information on the ages at which sternum development is complete remains limited. The aim of this study was to identify the cut-off ages for ossification and fusion of the sternal parts and segments, specifically the manubrium, sternal body, and its segments, in both sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computed tomography images of the thorax for 480 individuals (215 females and 265 males) aged from 0 to 25 years were analysed to determine the number of ossification centres in the sternal parts. A receiveroperating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the ossification and fusion of the sternum segments for the ages at which ossification and fusion occurred for both sexes. RESULTS: The ROC analysis results indicated that the sternal body showed the most significant age-related ossification in both sexes. The optimal cut-off ages for ossification of the manubrium and sternal body were 4 and 15 years for females and 5 and 15 years for males, respectively (p = 0.001). Age significantly influenced the fusion of the sternum segments. The S1–S2 fusion had the highest area under the curve. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study emphasise the importance of age in sternum ossification and fusion. Age-specific ossification patterns were most pronounced in the sternal body. The ROC analysis provided the critical age cut-off points for the developmental stages of the sternum in both sexes.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the congenital anomalies of ribs in the Turkish population using multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and to reveal the prevalence and distribution of these anomalies according to sexes and body sides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 1120 individuals (592 male, 528 female) over 18 who presented to our hospital with a suspicion of COVID-19 and who had thoracic CT. Anomalies such as a bifid rib, cervical rib, fused rib, Srb anomaly, foramen rib, hypoplastic rib, absent rib, supernumerary rib, pectus carinatum, and pectus excavatum, which were previously defined in the literature, were examined. Descriptive statistics were performed with the distribution of anomalies. Comparisons were made between the sexes and body sides. RESULTS: A prevalence of 18.57% rib variation was observed. Females had 1.3 times more variation than males. Although there was a significant difference in the distribution of anomalies by sex (p = 0.000), there was no difference in terms of body side of anomaly (p > 0.05). The most common anomaly was the hypoplastic rib, followed by the absence of a rib. While the incidence of the hypoplastic rib was similar in females and males, 79.07% of the absent ribs was seen in females (p < 0.05). The study also includes a rare case of bilateral first rib foramen. At the same time, this study includes a rare case of rib spurs extending from the left 11th rib to the 11th intercostal space. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates detailed information about congenital rib anomalies in the Turkish population, which may vary between people. Knowing these anomalies is essential for anatomy, radiology, anthropology, and forensic sciences.

Background/Objectives: The sella turcica is a key anatomical landmark due to its close relationship with the pituitary gland and surrounding structures. This study aimed to compare morphometric characteristics of the sella turcica in autopsy cases according to sex and to develop machine learning (ML)-based sex estimation models using these measurements. Methods: This study included 230 individuals (115 males, 115 females). Sella turcica morphometric measurements (length, depth, anteroposterior, and transverse diameters) were analyzed. In addition, associations with age, height, and weight were evaluated. Sex differences and correlations were assessed using non-parametric tests. Generalized additive models were applied to evaluate non-linear effects of height and weight, and ML algorithms (LR, RF, SVM, XGBoost) were used for sex classification with 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Data from 230 individuals (115 males, 115 females) were analyzed. All sella turcica dimensions were significantly greater in males (p < 0.001). Height showed strong positive correlations with all measurements, whereas weight showed weaker associations and age was not significant. Generalized additive models demonstrated high performance for length and anteroposterior diameter (adjusted R2 ≈ 0.956), high performance for transverse diameter (R2 = 0.936), and moderate performance for depth (R2 = 0.700), with significant non-linear effects of height and weight. ML models achieved high accuracy (>95%), with SVM performing best (accuracy: 0.991; AUC: 0.997), and transverse diameter identified as the most important predictor. Conclusions: Sella turcica morphometry demonstrates strong sexual dimorphism and is primarily influenced by body size parameters, particularly height. Non-linear modelling approaches such as GAM effectively capture complex anatomical relationships, while ML models, especially SVM, provide promising sex estimation. Among all variables, transverse diameter emerges as the most robust and consistent predictor, highlighting its potential utility in forensic and anthropological applications.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between all osteometric parameters obtained from the humerus and parameters obtained from the distal end of the humerus. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 parameters were measured in 67 dry bones using the Image-J program. Results: Groove for the ulnar nerve width (GUW) and the angle of the groove of the ulnar nerve (GUA) parameters were found to be higher on the left side and the difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05), GUA and intertubercular groove width were not significantly correlated with any parameter (p>0.05). Conclusion: We believe that the results of the study will provide osteometric data of the humerus in distal end fracture treatment, comminuted fractures, and reconstructive surgery of the humerus, anthropological and forensic studies and increase the anatomical knowledge levels of experts interested in the region.

Background/Objectives: The cranial base, especially the posterior cranial fossa, has openings with population-specific morphometry. This study aimed to assess the morphometric characteristics of the major posterior cranial fossa openings (foramen magnum, jugular foramen, internal acoustic opening) in the Turkish population and evaluate their utility for sex estimation. It also aimed to provide population-specific reference values for forensic anthropology and cranial base surgery. Methods: This prospective study included 304 adult skulls (151 female, 153 male) obtained from forensic autopsy cases, all of which had preserved anatomical integrity. Structures in the posterior cranial fossa were exposed following a standardized dissection protocol. A total of 18 morphometric parameters were measured using a digital caliper. Inter-sex comparisons were performed, and the diagnostic performance of the parameters for sex differentiation was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: All morphometric parameters and inter-foraminal distances were significantly larger in male individuals compared to females (p < 0.001). Similarly, ellipticity indices were higher in males than in females (all p < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed that right internal acoustic opening transverse diameter (RIAO-T), left and right jugular foramen transverse diameters (RJF-T and LJF-T) parameters possess exceptionally high discriminatory power, yielding accuracies greater than 99%. Conclusions: Components of the posterior cranial fossa exhibit marked sexual dimorphism in the Turkish population. These morphometric data provide valuable anatomical references for forensic identification, aid in preserving neurovascular structures, and support safe surgical planning in cranial base procedures.

This study aimed to compare auricle morphology across individuals from 10 countries. A total of 1,351 auricle photographs from 676 student volunteers (367 males, 309 females) at Karabük University were analyzed. Participants originated from Türkiye, Chad, Morocco, Gabon, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Senegal, Syria, and Jordan/Palestine. Morphological parameters included external auricle shape, helix form, antihelix, triangular fossa, antitragus, incisura intertragica, tragus, earlobe shape, earlobe-cheek attachment, and Darwin's tubercle. The participants were aged 16-30 years, with a mean age of 20.9 ± 3.3 years. Participants were aged 16-30 years (mean 20.9 ± 3.3). External auricle shape differed significantly by country (χ2 = 185.764, df = 54, p < 0.001), with round shapes predominant in Chad, triangular in Morocco and Kazakhstan, bagel in Gabon and Senegal, and oval in Türkiye, Uzbekistan, and Syria. Helix form also differed significantly (χ2 = 178.928, df = 63, p < 0.001). This study provides a standardized comparative framework of auricular morphology across multiple populations, offering a reference dataset that may support forensic identification, anthropological research, and clinical applications such as auricular reconstruction.

Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an unexplored link to the cerebellum. In the pathophysiology of balance disorders in PD, the role of the flocculonodular lobe (FL) is linked to the impairment of the dopaminergic system. Dopamine deficiency can also lead to changes in cerebellum functions, disrupting balance control. This study compares cerebellar and FL volumes between healthy controls (HC) and PD patients, analyzing their correlation with clinical outcomes. Methods We used magnetic resonance images of 23 PD patients (14 male, 9 female) and 24 HC (9 male, 15 female). Intracranial (ICV), total cerebellar, FL, and cerebellar gray matter volumes were measured using VolBrain. Clinical outcomes in PD patients were assessed using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) to evaluate motor function, with scores correlated to volumetric data. Results The cerebellar and gray matter volumes in HC were 115.53 ± 10.44 cm 3 and 84.83 ± 7.76 cm 3 , respectively, compared to 126.83 ± 13.47 cm 3 and 92.37 ± 9.45 cm 3 in PD patients, indicating significantly larger volumes in PD patients ( p  < 0.05). The flocculonodular lobe gray matter volume was 1.14 ± 0.19 cm 3 in PD patients and 1.02 ± 0.13 cm 3 in HC, but there was a significant increase in gray matter volume in PD patients between the groups ( p  < 0.05). In PD patients, significant negative correlations were observed between FL volume and the UPDRS-III scores ( r  =  − 0.467, p  = 0.033) and between UPDRS-III scores and both total ( r  =  − 0.453, p  = 0.039) and normalized ( r  =  − 0.468, p  = 0.032) gray matter volumes of the FL. Conclusion Although total gray matter volumes were larger in PD patients, the volumes of FL did not differ between groups. In Parkinson’s disease, increased cerebellar volume may regulate fine motor movements rather than balance.

Background: This study aimed to examine the relationship between hand types and somatotypes of healthy young individuals. Materials: A total of 312 volunteering individuals (152 F, 160 M) from Karabük University (Karabük, Türkiye), between the ages of 17 and 35 years were included in this prospective study. The somatotypes of the individuals were measured using a previously formed Excel template based on the Heath-Carter method. Factor analysis and clustering analysis were conducted with the 17 parameters measured. Results: The mean body mass index of female participants was 21.23±3.30 kg/m2, while that of males was 23.48±3.52 kg/m2. When the somatotypes of individuals were examined, 5 different groups were found to be balanced: ectomorph, endomorphic mesomorph, mesomorph endomorph, mesomorphic endomorph, and central. As a result of these factors, it was concluded that there were 4 hand types: short palm short finger, long palm long finger, wide hand long finger, narrow hand short finger. The distribution of hand types between somatotype groups, the result that endomorphic mesomorph group had long palm long finger and wide hand long finger, while balanced ectomorph group had narrow hand short finger was found to be statistically significant (x2=55.817;df=12, P<0.05). Conclusion: The difference between somatotypes was not only in body types, but also in hand anthropometry. We believe that the fact that these results can be used as anatomical data in product design, ergonomics, and preliminary design of interfaces for young individuals in the Turkish population will contribute to experts interested in this field.

The Andrology Working Group of the Society of Urological Surgery in Turkiye was established to address the lack of a formal andrology subspecialty in Turkiye and to advance male reproductive and sexual health. With a youth-driven approach-where young professionals play a leading role in organizing educational programs, conducting research, and contributing to advancements in clinical practice-the group fosters collaboration in key subspecialties, including male infertility, erectile dysfunction, and ejaculation disorders. By bridging academic gaps and supporting young professionals, the group plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of andrology in Turkiye. Notably, the group has facilitated over 25 national and international training programs and contributed 14 peer-reviewed publications, directly impacting andrology education and clinical practice in the region.