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The interaction between selective nutrients and linked genes involving a specific organ reveals the genetic make-up of an individual in response to a particular nutrient. The interaction of genes with food opens opportunities for the addition of bioactive compounds for specific populations comprising identical genotypes. The slight difference in the genetic blueprints of humans is advantageous in determining the effect of nutrients and their metabolism in the body. The basic knowledge of emerging nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics can be applied to optimize health, prevention, and treatment of diseases. In addition, nutrient-mediated pathways detecting the cellular concentration of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, lipids, and metabolites are integrated and coordinated at the organismal level via hormone signals. This review deals with the interaction of nutrients with various aspects of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics along with pathways involved in nutrient sensing and regulation, which can provide a detailed understanding of this new leading edge in nutrition research and its potential application to dietetic practice.

[...]Supernova (v2.1.1) successfully assembled the D. sissoo genome into a 661.00 Mb draft, with scaffold N50 size of 7.17 Mb. DNA data alignment to the genome showed an alignment rate of 98.54%, and the GC content of the genome was 33.59% (Table 1), within the normal range of plant genome GC content, ruling out the possibility of bacterial contamination. [...]the assembled D. sissoo genome has high BUSCO completeness, high data alignment rate, and a normal GC distribution range, indicating a high-quality and contiguity (Figure 1B). Annotation Dalbergia sissoo Number of predicted protein-coding genes 29740 Average gene length (bp) 4135.19 Average exon length (bp) 222.06 Average exon number per gene 5.47 Average intron length (bp) 654.18 miRNAs 123 rRNAs 906 tRNAs 1141 Percentage of repeat sequencing (%) 52.8 LTR Copia (%) 8.92 LTR Gypsy (%) 27.63 LINE (%) 1.29 SINE (%) 0.02 DNA transposons (%) 7.84 Percentage of functional annotation genes (%) 96.48 Phylogenetic analysis and species divergence time estimation To determine the evolutionary relationships between D. sissoo and other species, we identified 108 single-copy orthologs using OrthoFinder (v2.3.1) from 11 representative plant species (Supplementary Table S9). The GO enrichment analysis of the expansion gene family of D. sissoo also enriched many photosynthesis-related terms such as photosynthesis, light reaction, photosystem I, photosystem II reaction center, and chlorophyll II binding, and so on (Supplementary Figure 3B), suggesting that the fast-growing characteristics of D. sissoo are the result of the expansion of a large number of photosynthesis-related genes.

While quiescent galaxies have comparable amounts of cool gas in their outer circumgalactic medium (CGM) compared to star-forming galaxies, they have significantly less interstellar gas. However, open questions remain on the processes causing galaxies to stop forming stars and stay quiescent. Theories suggest dynamical interactions with the hot corona prevent cool gas from reaching the galaxy, therefore predicting the inner regions of quiescent galaxy CGMs are devoid of cool gas. However, there is a lack of understanding of the inner regions of CGMs due to the lack of spatial information in quasar-sightline methods. We present integral-field spectroscopy probing 10–20 kpc (2.4–4.8 R e ) around a massive quiescent galaxy using a gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxy. We detect absorption from Magnesium (MgII) implying large amounts of cool atomic gas (10 8.4 –10 9.3 M ⊙ with T~10 4 Kelvin), in comparable amounts to star-forming galaxies. Lens modeling of Hubble imaging also reveals a diffuse asymmetric component of significant mass consistent with the spatial extent of the MgII absorption, and offset from the galaxy light profile. This study demonstrates the power of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses to not only probe the gas around galaxies, but to also independently probe the mass of the CGM due to it’s gravitational effect. Quiescent galaxies have similar amount of cool gas to star forming galaxies, yet why galaxies stop forming stars remains an open question. The authors investigate why passive galaxies remain quiescent using a gravitationally lensed background galaxy to probe the faint, diffuse cool gas around a massive quiescent galaxy, and use lensing configuration to constrain the total mass and geometry of this gas reservoir.

Wood is the most important natural and endlessly renewable source of energy. Despite the ecological and economic importance of wood, many aspects of its formation have not yet been investigated. We performed chromosome-scale genome assemblies of three timber trees ( Ochroma pyramidale, Mesua ferrea , and Tectona grandis ) which exhibit different wood properties such as wood density, hardness, growth rate, and fiber cell wall thickness. The combination of 10X, stLFR, Hi-Fi sequencing and HiC data led us to assemble high-quality genomes evident by scaffold N50 length of 55.97 Mb ( O. pyramidale ), 22.37 Mb ( M. ferrea ) and 14.55 Mb ( T. grandis ) with >97% BUSCO completeness of the assemblies. A total of 35774, 24027, and 44813 protein-coding genes were identified in M. ferrea , T. grandis and O. pyramidale , respectively. The data generated in this study is anticipated to serve as a valuable genetic resource and will promote comparative genomic analyses, and it is of practical importance in gaining a further understanding of the wood properties in non-model woody species.

Mahogany species (family Meliaceae) are highly valued for their aesthetic and durable wood. Despite their economic and ecological importance, genomic resources for mahogany species are limited, hindering genetic improvement and conservation efforts. Here we perform chromosome-scale genome assemblies of two commercially important mahogany species: Swietenia macrophylla and Khaya senegalensis . By combining 10X sequencing and Hi-C data, we assemble high-quality genomes of 274.49 Mb ( S. macrophylla ) and 406.50 Mb ( K. senegalensis ), with scaffold N50 lengths of 8.51 Mb and 7.85 Mb, respectively. A total of 99.38% and 98.05% of the assembled sequences are anchored to 28 pseudo-chromosomes in S. macrophylla and K. senegalensis , respectively. We predict 34,129 and 31,908 protein-coding genes in S. macrophylla and K. senegalensis , respectively, of which 97.44% and 98.49% are functionally annotated. The chromosome-scale genome assemblies of these mahogany species could serve as a vital genetic resource, especially in understanding the properties of non-model woody plants. These high-quality genomes could support the development of molecular markers for breeding programs, conservation efforts, and the sustainable management of these valuable forest resources.

Small RNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Despite the evolutionary importance of streptophyte algae, knowledge on small RNAs in this group of green algae is almost non-existent. We used genome and transcriptome data of 34 algal and plant species, and performed genome-wide analyses of small RNA (miRNA & siRNA) biosynthetic and degradation pathways. The results suggest that Viridiplantae started to evolve plant-like miRNA biogenesis and degradation after the divergence of the Mesostigmatophyceae in the streptophyte algae. We identified two major evolutionary transitions in small RNA metabolism in streptophyte algae; during the first transition, the origin of DCL-New, DCL1, AGO1/5/10 and AGO4/6/9 in the last common ancestor of Klebsormidiophyceae and all other streptophytes could be linked to abiotic stress responses and evolution of multicellularity in streptophytes. During the second transition, the evolution of DCL 2,3,4, and AGO 2,3,7 as well as DRB1 in the last common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and embryophytes, suggests their possible contribution to pathogen defense and antibacterial immunity. Overall, the origin and diversification of DICER and AGO along with several other small RNA pathway-related genes among streptophyte algae suggested progressive adaptations of streptophyte algae during evolution to a subaerial environment.Wang, Liang et al. conduct a genome-wide investigation into the origin of small RNA pathway-related genes in Viridiplantae. Their findings suggest that streptophyte algae progressively adapted to a subaerial environment through generation of these pathways.