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We performed the J-PARC E40 experiment to measure the Σp scattering cross sections from 2018 to 2020. Together with the π−p → K+Σ− data, the π−p → K0Λ data were accumulated as a byproduct. The analysis confirmed that Λ could be identified with an S/N ratio of ∼ 2.67. The polarization of Λ(PΛ) was preliminarily derived as 1.009 ± 0.049 for the K0 angular range of 0.7 < cos θK0, CM < 0.8. It is more accurate than the past data [1]. The high polarization enables us to measure not only the differential cross section but also spin observables of the Λp scattering in the future J-PARC experiment.

We performed the J-PARC E40 experiment to measure the Σ p scattering cross sections from 2018 to 2020. Together with the π − p → K + Σ − data, the π − p → K 0 Λ data were accumulated as a byproduct. The analysis confirmed that Λ could be identified with an S/N ratio of ∼ 2.67. The polarization of Λ( P Λ ) was preliminarily derived as 1.009 ± 0.049 for the K 0 angular range of 0.7 < cos θ K 0 , CM < 0.8. It is more accurate than the past data [1]. The high polarization enables us to measure not only the differential cross section but also spin observables of the Λ p scattering in the future J-PARC experiment.

Abstract We present a measurement of the production of $\\Xi ^-$ and $\\Lambda \\Lambda$ in the $^{12}$C$(K^-, K^+)$ reaction at an incident beam momentum of 1.8 GeV$/c$, based on high-statistics data from J-PARC E42. The cross section for the $^{12}$C$(K^-, K^+\\Xi ^-)$ reaction, compared to the inclusive $^{12}$C$(K^-, K^+)$ reaction cross section, indicates that the $\\Xi ^-$ emission probability peaks at 70% in the energy region of $E_\\Xi =100$–150 MeV above the $\\Xi ^-$ emission threshold. A classical approach using eikonal approximation shows that the total cross section for $\\Xi ^-$ inelastic scattering ranges between 42 mb and 23 mb in the $\\Xi ^-$ momentum range from 0.4 to 0.6 GeV$/c$. Furthermore, based on the relative cross section for the $^{12}$C$(K^-, K^+\\Lambda \\Lambda )$ reaction, the total cross section for $\\Xi ^-p\\rightarrow \\Lambda \\Lambda$ is estimated in the same approach to vary between 2.2 mb and 1.0 mb in the momentum range of 0.40–0.65 GeV$/c$. Specifically, a cross section of 1.0 mb in the momentum range of 0.5–0.6 GeV$/c$ imposes a constraint on the upper bound of the decay width of the $\\Xi ^-$ particle in infinite nuclear matter, revealing $\\Gamma _\\Xi < \\sim 0.6$ MeV.

A new hyperon-proton scattering experiment, dubbed J-PARC E40, was performed to measure differential cross sections of the Σ + p , Σ − p elastic scatterings and the Σ − p → Λ n scattering by identifying a lot of Σ particles in the momentum ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 GeV/ c produced by the π ± p → K + Σ ± reactions. We successfully measured the differential cross sections of these three channels with a drastically improved accuracy with a fine angular step. These new data will become important experimental constraints to improve the theories of the two-body baryon-baryon interactions. Following this success, we proposed a new experiment to measure the differential cross sections and spin observables by using a highly polarized Λ beam for providing quantitative information on the Λ N interaction. The results of three Σ p channels and future prospects of the Λ p scattering experiment are described.

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) employ multi-modal in-context learning (MM-ICL) to adapt to new tasks by leveraging demonstration examples. While increasing the number of demonstrations boosts performance, they incur significant inference latency due to the quadratic computational cost of Transformer attention with respect to the context length. To address this trade-off, we propose Parallel In-Context Learning (Parallel-ICL), a plug-and-play inference algorithm. Parallel-ICL partitions the long demonstration context into multiple shorter, manageable chunks. It processes these chunks in parallel and integrates their predictions at the logit level, using a weighted Product-of-Experts (PoE) ensemble to approximate the full-context output. Guided by ensemble learning theory, we introduce principled strategies for Parallel-ICL: (i) clustering-based context chunking to maximize inter-chunk diversity and (ii) similarity-based context compilation to weight predictions by query relevance. Extensive experiments on VQA, image captioning, and classification benchmarks demonstrate that Parallel-ICL achieves performance comparable to full-context MM-ICL, while significantly improving inference speed. Our work offers an effective solution to the accuracy-efficiency trade-off in MM-ICL, enabling dynamic task adaptation with substantially reduced inference overhead.

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by token, i.e., by predicting the next-token distribution given the previous ones, and thus tokenization directly affects their efficiency in text generation. Since each language model has their own vocabulary as a set of possible tokens, they struggle to cooperate with each other at the level of next-token distributions such as model ensemble. In this paper, we establish a theoretical framework of lossless vocabulary reduction, which efficiently converts a given auto-regressive language model into the one with an arbitrarily small vocabulary without any loss in accuracy. This framework allows language models with different tokenization to cooperate with each other efficiently by reduction to their maximal common vocabulary. Specifically, we empirically demonstrate its applicability to model ensemble with different tokenization.

Tokenization -- the process of decomposing a given text into a sequence of subwords called tokens -- is one of the key components in the development of language models. Particularly, auto-regressive language models generate texts token by token, i.e., by predicting the next-token distribution given the previous ones, and thus tokenization directly affects their efficiency in text generation. Since each language model has their own vocabulary as a set of possible tokens, they struggle to cooperate with each other at the level of next-token distributions such as model ensemble. In this paper, we establish a theoretical framework of lossless vocabulary reduction, which efficiently converts a given auto-regressive language model into the one with an arbitrarily small vocabulary without any loss in accuracy. As an application, we demonstrate that language models with different tokenization can cooperate with each other efficiently through their maximal common vocabulary.

We investigated the \\(K\\)-nucleus interaction through the simultaneous measurement of the inclusive \\(^12 C(K^-, p)\\) and exclusive \\(K^-\\)-escape \\(^12 C(K^-, p K^-_esc)\\) reactions at \\(1.8\\) GeV/\\(c\\) at J-PARC. The present measurement explicitly focuses on the \\(K^-\\) escape process for the first time, successfully accomplishing a direct experimental determination of the imaginary part of the \\(K^-\\) optical potential. The differential cross section for the \\(K^-\\)-escape reaction was determined to be \\(436 6\\:(stat.) 44\\:(syst.)~/sr\\). A simultaneous likelihood fit yielded real and imaginary potential strengths of \\(V_0 = -72\\:^+3_-5\\:(stat.)\\:^+0_-8\\:(syst.)~MeV\\) and \\(W_0 = -100\\:^+7_-1\\:(stat.)\\:^+0_-16\\:(syst.)~MeV\\) at the nuclear center, respectively. The derived \\(W_0\\) is significantly stronger than that predicted by theoretical models based on one-nucleon processes, suggesting possible contribution of multi-nucleon involving processes.

We present a measurement of the production of \\(^-\\) and \\(\\) in the \\(^12\\)C\\((K^-, K^+)\\) reaction at an incident beam momentum of 1.8 GeV/\\(c\\), based on high-statistics data from J-PARC E42. The cross section for the \\(^12\\)C\\((K^-, K^+^-)\\) reaction, compared to the inclusive \\(^12\\)C\\((K^-, K^+)\\) reaction cross section, indicates that the \\(^-\\) escaping probability peaks at 70\\% in the energy region of \\(E_=\\)100 to 150 MeV above the \\(^-\\) emission threshold. A classical approach using eikonal approximation shows that the total cross sections for \\(^-\\) inelastic scattering ranges between 42 mb and 23 mb in the \\(^-\\) momentum range from 0.4 to 0.6 GeV/c. Furthermore, based on the relative cross section for the \\(^12\\)C\\((K^-, K^+)\\) reaction, the total cross section for \\(^-p\\) is estimated in the same approach to vary between 2.2 mb and 1.0 mb in the momentum range of 0.40 to 0.65 GeV/c. Specifically, a cross section of 1.0 mb in the momentum range of 0.5 to 0.6 GeV/c imposes a constraint on the upper bound of the decay width of the \\(^-\\) particle in infinite nuclear matter, revealing \\(_< 0.6\\) MeV.