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Rural Indonesian villages are defined by unique institutional dynamics in public service innovation, one of which manifests in juvenile justice administration where traditional governance meets modern legal structures. These institutional arrangements position villages as sites of public service innovation at the intersection of competing normative orders, especially regarding youth protection standards and cultural practice maintenance. We address patterns of public service innovation and institutional adaptation in rural juvenile justice systems through the systematic analysis of practices across five villages in East Java. Through consolidating stakeholder interviews and justice proceeding observations, our analysis shows how communities innovate in public service delivery by negotiating between formal requirements and informal mechanisms while integrating distinctive legal traditions and maintaining institutional legitimacy across multiple domains. The examination identifies two central patterns in public service development. First, processes of normative integration emerge through systematic institutional synthesis where communities innovate service delivery approaches while preserving cultural coherence. Second, these innovation processes correspond to variations in resource distribution, traditional authority configurations, and state presence across geographic and social contexts. We document how unspoken institutional practices and innovative service arrangements shape justice negotiations between community and state spheres, particularly in mediating youth protection within traditional normative frameworks of public service delivery.

The New Economic Model for Malaysia (NEM) 2010 defines inclusiveness as one of the three pillars of a developed society in the next decade and beyond. The underlying principle of the inclusiveness objective of the plan is to enable every Malaysian to have access to opportunities in order to contribute to the economy and to ensure that essential needs of the people are met. The question is to what extent does the present scenario support this objective of equalising opportunities? Also, in ensuring that essential needs of the people are met without marginalising any group, are the existing social safety nets policies adequate to support every Malaysian to sustain a decent living standard? This is of particular concern to the old age group that is getting bigger due to a very low population growth and an increasing average life span of 71.7 years for males and 75 years for females. Elence, this paper attempts to answer these questions and other related issues. It is divided into three parts: the first part defines the key concepts and framework employed in this paper; the second part examines the existing social protection schemes in Malaysia and analyses some case studies of NGOs working with the elderly and the final part offers some policy recommendations as a way forward. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Kajian ini adalah bertujuan melihat pelaksanaan program perlindungan sosial di Malaysia dengan memfokuskan kepada isu pelaksanaan dasar dengan merujuk kepada beberapa faktor seperti 1) dasar dan program dasar, 2) organisasi pelaksana dasar, 3) agen pelaksana dasar dan 4) faktor persekitaran; sebagaimana yang telah diutarakan oleh O’Toole menerusi teori Pelaksanaan Dasar Multiactor. Teori ini turut bersandarkan teori awal pelaksanaan dasar sebelum ini seperti Top-Down dan Bottom-Up. Tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa kajian di dalam bidang ini telah giat dijalankan oleh penyelidik terdahulu, namun setelah beberapa dekad, pastinya angkubah baru telah wujud dalam mempengaruhi pelaksanaan program terutamanya dari aspek perlindungan sosial.Kajian ini melibatkankan program di bawah skop bantuan awam yang disediakan oleh Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat dan Kementerian Kemajuan Luar Bandar dan Wilayah. Seramai lapan (8) orang pelaksana dan tujuh (7) orang penerima bantuan program bantuan awam di Melaka dan Pulau Pinang telah dipilih sebagai responden bagi mendapatkan maklumat berkaitan pelaksanaan program di bawah kedua-dua penyedia bantuan tersebut. Penemuan menerusi data temubual tersebut telah diperkukuhkan lagi dengan kaedah triangulasi menerusi semakan dokumen dan pemerhatian semasa mesyuarat penyelarasan dan sesi penyerahan bantuan.Hasilan kajian menunjukkan bahawa, berdasarkan kepada perkembangan terkini dan evolusi semasa, beberapa faktor dan fenomena baru telah muncul dan memberikan impak kepada proses pelaksanaaan program perlindungan sosial. Antara angkubah baru yang signifikan adalah keperluan pangkalan data, penguatkuasaan peraturan dan undangundang, dan kebebasan pelaksana daripada sebarang campurtangan, keseragaman, politiking, peranan pihak berkuasa tempatan, media dan audit serta sikap penerima bantuan itu sendiri.Kajian ini seterusnya telah berupaya menghubungkan gap di dalam teori pelaksanaan dasar dan progam dengan memperkemaskan teori Multiactor dan teori pelaksanaan dasar sebelum ini.