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(Ti1 − x,Alx)N films were prepared by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). The films were synthesized by depositing titanium and aluminum metal individual vapor under simultaneous bombardment with nitrogen ions in the energy range of 0.2–20 keV with the (Ti1 − x,Alx)/N transport ratio in the range of 0.5–2.0. The films were formed onto Si(111) wafers at room temperature. Structural characterization of the films was performed with x-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction. The crystalline structure of the (Ti0.64,Al0.36)N and (Ti0.33,Al0.67)N films were found to be a metastable single-phase B1-NaCl structure. The (Ti0.29,Al0.71)N films revealed a two-phase mixture consisting of NaCl and würtzite structural phases. The AlN solubility limit into TiN, which approximately equal with x value, calculated by using electron theory was about x = 0.65, which shows good agreement to the experimental results. Phase separation after half a year of aging at room temperature in air was observed on the (Ti0.33,Al0.67) films whose AlN content is close to the solubility limits.

The microstructure of alumina after Ti ion implantation has been investigated. A metal vapourvacuum arc (MEVVA) ion source was employed to implant Ti ions into alumina with doses of7.6 × 1016 and 3.1 × 1017 ions/cm2 at 40 kV. Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) of the irradiated surfaces revealed topographical changes, which were dependent ondose. The implanted layer was also characterised by Rutherford backscattering (RBS) andcross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) which showed the lower Ti dose resulted in ahighly defective surface layer. In contrast, TiO2 precipitates in anamorphous matrix were observed at the higher dose.

The principles underlying composite material behavior during metallographic preparation of coating cross-sections are generally not well understood. This study of the effect of extended fine polishing on apparent porosity shows that adequate polishing times, using a fine abrasive (3 mu m) and low force, are required to remove prior deformation in the section surface and to reveal the true porosity of the underlying composite material. Insufficient polishing times can result in considerable underestimation of porosity. A model is described which proposes that the deformation induced in the material during grinding and polishing, even at low applied force, results in smearing of material into voids that exist in the plane of the section.

(Ti(1-x),Al(x))N films were prepared by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). The films were synthesized by depositing titanium and aluminum metal individual vapor under simultaneous bombardment with nitrogen ions in the energy range of 0.2-20 keV with the (Ti(1-x),Al(x))/N transport ratio in the range of 0.5-2.0. The films were formed onto Si(111) wafers at room temperature. Structural characterization of the films was performed with XRD and selected area electron diffraction. The crystalline structure of the (Ti(0.64),Al(0.36))N and (Ti(0.33),Al(0.67))N films were found to be a metastable single-phase B1-NaCl structure. The (Ti(0.29),Al(0.71))N films revealed a two-phase mixture consisting of NaCl and wurtzite structural phases. The AlN solubility limit into TiN, which is approximately equal to the x value, calculated using electron theory, was about x = 0.65, which shows good agreement with the experimental results. Phase separation after half a year of aging at room temperature in air was observed on the (Ti(0.33),Al(0.67)) films whose AlN content is close to the solubility limits. (Author)

(Ti sub(1-x),Al sub(x))N films were prepared by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). The films were synthesized by depositing titanium and aluminum metal individual vapor under simultaneous bombardment with nitrogen ions in the energy range of 0.2-20 keV with the (Ti sub(1-x),Al sub(x))/N transport ratio in the range of 0.5-2.0. The films were formed onto Si(111) wafers at room temperature. Structural characterization of the films was performed with x-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction. The crystalline structure of the (Ti sub(0.64),Al sub(0.36))N and (Ti sub(0.33),Al sub(0.67))N films were found to be a metastable single-phase B1-NaCl structure. The (Ti sub(0.29),Al sub(0.71))N films revealed a two-phase mixture consisting of NaCl and wurtzite structural phases. The AlN solubility limit into TiN, which approximately equal with x value, calculated by using electron theory was about x identical with 0.65, which shows good agreement to the experimental results. Phase separation after half a year of aging at room temperature in air was observed on the (Ti sub(0.33),Al sub(0.67)) films whose AlN content is close to the solubility limits.

L'étude pose le problème du statut scientifique de la pratique du chercheur en science sociale dans les contextes non producteurs de savoir. Comment opérer avec des formes de savoir produites ailleurs? Telle est la question que nous avons essayé de décrypter à travers les débats développés, d'une part par les sociologues arabes et, d'autre part l'approche mise en œuvre par Arkoun, Djaït et El Jabri dans leur analyse des réalités arabo-musulmanes. Le traitement de la raison tel qu'il se donne à voir à travers les démarches examinées met au jour la pertinence de la médiation contextuelle qui ne peut se réduire à un simple transfert des outils d'analyse. L'intercontextualité comme pratique est de la sorte induite par le travers de décontextualisation-recontextualisation opéré à l'intérieur du champ de la recherche. Elle est inscrite en creux dans l'exercice d'analyse et se présente à la fois comme dimension épistémologique et herméneutique. This paper deals with the problem of the scientific practice of researchers in social science who use forms of knowledge historically produced in other contexts. How to operate with alien forms of knowledge? The paper tries to answer this question through the discussion of sociologists from the Arab world and through the way that Pr. Arkoun, Pr. Djaït, Pr. El Jabri deal with the issue in the analysis of Moslem Arabic realities. The different approaches of the object of this paper shows how the contextual mediation is relevant to social science. The tools of analysis are not automatically transferred but they subjected to the necessity of decontextualization and recontextualization. Thus, intercontextuality as a researcher practice is a process of dealing with the concepts of social science. Intercontextuality operates within the scientific practice and has both an epistemological and an hermeneutical dimension. Este artigo trata do problema da prática científica de cientistas sociais que usam formas de conhecimento historicamente produzidas em outros contextos. Como lidar com estas formas de conhecimento? O artigo tenta responder esta questão através da análise das realidades árabe-muçulmanas realizadas, de um lado, por sociólogos árabes e de outro por autores como Arkoun, Djait e El Jabri. As diferentes abordagens do problema mostram que a mediação do contexto é relevante nas Ciências Sociais. Os instrumentos de análise não são transferidos automaticamente, mas estão sujeitos à necessidade de descontextualização e reconstextualização.

Abstract Recent proteogenomic approaches have led to the discovery that regions of the transcriptome previously annotated as non-coding regions (i.e. UTRs, open reading frames overlapping annotated coding sequences in a different reading frame, and non-coding RNAs) frequently encode proteins (termed alternative proteins). This suggests that previously identified protein-protein interaction networks are partially incomplete since alternative proteins are not present in conventional protein databases. Here we used the proteogenomic resource OpenProt and a combined spectrum- and peptide-centric analysis for the re-analysis of a high throughput human network proteomics dataset thereby revealing the presence of 280 alternative proteins in the network. We found 19 genes encoding both an annotated (reference) and an alternative protein interacting with each other. Of the 136 alternative proteins encoded by pseudogenes, 38 are direct interactors of reference proteins encoded by their respective parental gene. Finally, we experimentally validate several interactions involving alternative proteins. These data improve the blueprints of the human protein-protein interaction network and suggest functional roles for hundreds of alternative proteins. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes * This version of the manuscript includes an initial revision with all changes tracked and made visible.