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Understanding how small- and medium-sized enterprises develop and foster resilience in their employees is critical to better adapt to and recover from challenges. Yet, how such a process is conducted is not well-understood in literature. Integrating the literature from the social exchange theory and the disaster resilience framework, this research examines the effects of servant leadership (SL) and transparent communication (TC) on employees’ capacity for resilience (learning from failure, hardiness, and optimism) and their adaptive performance during/post the COVID-19 crisis. A total of 880 employees in restaurants and travel agencies were surveyed. The results reveal that the effects of SL and TC on employees’ adaptive performance was fully mediated by employees’ capacity for resilience, specifically learning from failure.

A new analytical quality by design-assisted HPLC–UV approach is presented, for the first time, for the concurrent determination of cetirizine (CTZ) and azelastine (AZE) in raw materials, commercial eye drops and aqueous humor. The two drugs are co-administered as eye drops in severe ocular allergies. A 2 3 full factorial design was adopted for the chromatographic optimization to ensure the best analytical performance and reliability, as well as to save time, effort and solvent consumption. The parameters, including pH, acetonitrile ratio, and flow rate, were selected as independent factors. The responses analyzed were resolution and tailing of peaks. The separation was achieved through isocratic elution on C8 column with mobile phase made up of acetonitrile: 0.3% triethylamine of pH 5 (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min −1 and detection at 216 nm. The elution time was less than 6 min. The approach was fully validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Good linearity was achieved over the concentration ranges of 1.0–30 and 0.5–10 µg mL −1 with limits of detection of 0.310 and 0.158 µg mL −1 and limits of quantification of 0.940 and 0.479 µg mL −1 for CTZ and AZE, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9998. The intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 2%. The good sensitivity of the approach permits the analysis of CTZ and AZE in spiked aqueous humor with mean percentage recoveries of 100.93 ± 1.42 and 100.11 ± 1.55, respectively. The statistical comparison between results of the developed method and the comparison method revealed no differences, indicating the accuracy of the method.

Purpose This study aims to explore the dynamics of resilience in tourism and hospitality enterprises by investigating the influence of internal and external contextual factors (i.e. adaptive performance and institutional orientation) on the relationship between entrepreneurs’ resilience and business continuity indicators (i.e. perception of career insecurity and business exit intention). Design/methodology/approach In the Covid-19 pandemic context, quantitative data were collected using self-administrated questionnaires from entrepreneurs (founders of small-sized restaurants and travel agents in Egypt) using structural equation modeling. Findings The study reveals that entrepreneurs’ resilience under adversities directly correlates with business continuity indicators, with adaptive performance and institutional orientation functioning as mediators. Research limitations/implications The socio-demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs could be further investigated to observe the differences based on age, education and region. The type of business (i.e. restaurants and travel agents) could have an impact on the examined relationships. Therefore, further studies can use multi-group analysis to examine such differences between various sub-sectors of the hospitality business. Finally, the cross-sectional sample method used in this study is another limitation. In any study in which causality is inferred, longitudinal research confirms stronger inferences (Morgan & Hunt, 1994). Practical implications An instant implication is that entrepreneurs can take proactive actions to enhance their resilience. Entrepreneurs should seek to influence their own skills and abilities through various educational and training programs. For example, they can take advantage of business seminars, workshops and executive education courses. Entrepreneurs who have the chance of enhancing their skills in solving complex problems, identifying their strengths, managing their emotions are better able to adapt to unfavorable circumstances. Social implications The inhabited environment. Entrepreneurs should be institutionally oriented by building strong communications and networks with key actors and business-to-business customers. This would help entrepreneurs to understand the rules of the game, adapt to the environment, gain market legitimacy and accordingly acquire the social and financial support when hazards occur. Originality/value The extant literature lacks evidence about the internal and external contextual factors underlying the process of resilience in small and medium-sized enterprises and its outcomes. Research on entrepreneurship has rarely discussed the antecedents of business withdrawal. This study contributes to addressing this research gap. 旅游业和酒店业的创业弹性和业务连续性:适应性绩效和制度导向的作用 目的 本研究通过考察内部和外部环境因素(即适应性绩效和制度导向)对企业家弹性与企业持续经营指标(即职业不安全感与离职意愿)。 设计 在Covid-19大流行的背景下, 采用结构方程模型, 通过对企业家(埃及小型餐馆和旅行社的创始人)的自我管理问卷收集定量数据。 研究发现 企业家逆境韧性与企业持续经营指标直接相关, 适应性绩效和制度导向发挥中介作用。 原创性/价值 现有文献缺乏中小企业弹性过程及其结果的内外部环境因素的证据。关于创业的研究很少讨论企业退出的原因。本研究有助于解决这一研究差距。 Resiliencia empresarial y continuidad empresarial en la industria del turismo y la hostelería: El papel del desempeño adaptativo y la orientación institucional Propósito Esta investigación explora la dinámica de la resiliencia en las empresas de turismo y hotelería mediante la investigación de la influencia de factores contextuales internos y externos (es decir, desempeño adaptativo y orientación institucional) en la relación entre la resiliencia de los emprendedores y los indicadores de continuidad empresarial (es decir, percepción de carrera inseguridad e intención de salida del negocio). Diseño En el contexto de la pandemia de Covid-19, se recopilaron datos cuantitativos mediante cuestionarios autoadministrados de empresarios (fundadores de pequeños restaurantes y agentes de viajes en Egipto) utilizando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Hallazgos El estudio revela que la resiliencia de los emprendedores ante las adversidades se correlaciona directamente con los indicadores de continuidad del negocio, con el desempeño adaptativo y la orientación institucional funcionando como mediadores. Originalidad/valor La literatura existente carece de evidencia sobre los factores contextuales internos y externos que subyacen al proceso de resiliencia en las pequeñas y medianas empresas y sus resultados. La investigación sobre el espíritu empresarial rara vez ha discutido los antecedentes de la retirada de empresas. Este estudio contribuye a abordar esta brecha de investigación.

The entire tourism and hospitality industry has witnessed a considerable increase in the number of ethical difficulties that occur in the workplace. It has been discovered that unethical organizational behavior (UOB) is the most significant category in tourists’ unpleasant experiences, driving them to switch and spread unfavorable word-of-mouth information. This study aims to explore the effects of three contextual factors on UOB (i.e., work intensification, job insecurity, and an unethical company-profit climate) and to investigate its possible employee-related consequences, including the feeling of guilt, emotional exhaustion, and customer-oriented citizenship behavior. A total of 970 employees working in hotels (5-star and 4-star) and travel agencies (Category A) participated, and the obtained data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results asserted that work intensification, job insecurity, and an unethical company-profit climate stimulate unethical organizational behavior, and unethical organizational behavior leads to feelings of guilt, emotional exhaustion, and customer-oriented citizenship behavior. Significant insights into theoretical and practical implications were further discussed.

White and Green Analytical Chemistry are innovative approaches in analytical chemistry that prioritize both sustainability and efficiency. Together, these approaches aim to advance scientific research while minimizing environmental impact and enhancing safety. This integration of environmental consciousness into analytical practices represents a significant step forward in achieving sustainable scientific progress. In the present study, a sensitive eco-friendly HPLC-DAD method was carried out and validated to allow concurrent determination of Donepezil HCl (DPZ) and Curcumin (CUR) in their pure form and laboratory made nano-liposome formulation. Optimum seperation was accomplished by utilising Zobrax Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6*100 mm,5 μm) with gradient elution of the mobile phase composed of 0.02 M phosphate buffer at pH 3.2 and ethanol at flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. A diode array detector (DAD) was implemented for detection at 273 nm and 435 nm for DPZ and CUR, respectively, with the column oven set at 40 °C. The method was validated according to ICH specifications in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity range, detection and quantification limit. The calibration plots were linear with correlation coefficients (r2) = 0.999 over the range (0.1–100 µg/ml) and (0.1–100 µg/ml) for DPZ and CUR, successively. The validated HPLC-DAD approach was adopted to analyse both medications in laboratory prepared nano-liposomal formulation in which the analytes were successfully quantified with good recovery values and no disrubtion from the added excipients. The investigation of whiteness, blueness, and greenness metrics revealed a major benefit of the suggested approach over previous reported ones.

A new, simple and selective HPLC method was implemented for the simultaneous estimation of tafluprost (TFL) and timolol (TIM) in their new anti-glaucoma combination in the challengeable ratio of 3 and 1000 for TFL and TIM, respectively. Separation was achieved using a BDS Hypersil phenyl column and a mobile phase made up of acetonitrile: 0.015 M phosphate buffer (50:50 v/v, pH 3.5) delivered at 1 mL min−1 and the separation was completed in less than 6 min. UV detection was time programmed at 220 nm for the first 4.5 min and later at 254 nm. Mebeverine (MEB) was used as an internal standard (I.S.). The linearity was observed in the ranges of 0.6–45 and 50–2000 µg mL−1 with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.18, 16.48 µg mL−1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.55, 49.94 µg mL−1 for TFL and TIM, respectively. The method satisfied International Council for Harmonization (ICH) validation guidelines. The study was extended to the estimation of the studied drugs in their co-formulated eye drops as well as in their single dosage forms with acceptable percentage recoveries. Moreover, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and analytical Eco-scale were investigated to confirm the greenness of the proposed HPLC method.

Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the targets for early detection and treatment to prevent childhood blindness in world health organization programs. The purpose of study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) nanoemulsion in regressing neovascularization of a ROP rat model. Methods A prospective comparative case - control animal study conducted on 56 eyes of 28 healthy new born Sprague Dawley male albino rat. ROP was induced in 21 rats then two concentrations of 2-ME nanoparticles were injected in right eyes of 14 rats (low dose; study group I, high dose; study group II). A blank nanoemulsion was injected in the right eyes of seven rats (control positive group I). No injections performed in contralateral left eyes (control positive group II). Seven rats (14 eyes) were kept in room air (control negative group). On postnatal day 17, eyeballs were enucleated. Histological structure of the retina was examined using Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressions were detected by immunohistochemical studies. Results Intravitreal injection of 2-ME (in the two concentrations) caused marked regression of the new vascular tufts on the vitreal side with normal organization and thickness of the retina especially in study group II, which also show negative VEGF immunoreaction. Positive GFAP expression was detected in the control positive groups and study group (I). Conclusion Intravitreal injection of 2-Methoxyestradiol nanoemulsion is a promising effective method in reduction of neovascularization of a ROP rat model.

Purpose This study aims to address the absence of a thorough understanding of commitment in tourism public-private partnerships (PPP) by exploring antecedents of PPP commitment and their underpinning relationships in regard to the destination management system (DMS). Design/methodology/approach An empirical investigation of the case of the Egyptian DMS, a PPP which was forsaken by the government partner and which subsequently failed. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are used for a comprehensive overview of the researched phenomena pertaining to external and internal stakeholders. Findings The results indicated that stakeholder management, relational capital, perceived benefits and stakeholder capabilities could influence intentions to commit to a tourism PPP project. Also, the latter three factors were found to mediate the relationship between stakeholder management and long-term PPP commitment. The results also shed light on the important aspects of non-contractual, interpersonal relationships between internal and external PPP stakeholders. Originality/value This research pioneers inquiries on the commitment of Tourism PPP/DMS projects and its possible drivers in a non-Western context. Also, this study contributes to knowledge by exploring the relationship within and between internal (partners) and external (e.g. local service providers) stakeholder groups and provided evidence on the crucial role of both on long-term PPP commitment and success. The current study has a few significant contributions to the PPP literature regarding the commitment and success of PPP in the complicated environments in which tourism PPP projects are operated. Moreover, this study offers essential information and practices for improving partner relationships with external stakeholders. 旅游公共-私人伙伴关系（PPP）项目：一种探索性的循序渐进的方法 目的 本研究通过探讨PPP承诺的前因及其相互关系, 解决了对旅游公私合作伙伴关系（PPP）中的承诺缺乏透彻了解的问题。 设计/方法/方法 经验证据来自埃及目的地管理系统（DMS）的经验, 在这种情况下, 旅游PPP由于公共部门放弃了该项目而失败。采用混合方法来全面理解主题, 分析内部（合作伙伴）和外部（例如旅游提供商）利益相关者的观点。 结果 结果表明, 利益相关者的管理, 关系资本, 可感知的收益和利益相关者的能力可能会影响致力于旅游PPP项目的意图。另外, 发现后三个因素可以调解利益相关者管理与长期PPP承诺之间的关系。结果还阐明了内部和外部PPP利益相关者之间非合同, 人际关系的重要方面。 原创性/价值 这是第一个研究旅游PPP/DMS项目的承诺及其在非西方背景下的驱动力的研究。此外, 这项研究还通过探索内部（合作伙伴）与外部（例如本地服务提供商）利益相关者群体之间以及两者之间的关系, 为知识做出了贡献, 并提供了证据证明两者在长期PPP承诺和成功中都发挥着关键作用。当前的研究对PPP文献在PPP在旅游PPP项目运行的复杂环境中的承诺和成功做出了重要贡献。此外, 这项研究提供了必要的信息和实践, 以改善与外部利益相关者的合作伙伴关系。 Proyectos de asociación público-privada (PPP) de turismo: un enfoque exploratorio-secuencial Propósito este estudio aborda la ausencia de una comprensión profunda del compromiso en las asociaciones público-privadas (APP) de turismo al explorar los antecedentes del compromiso de las APP y sus relaciones subyacentes. Diseño/metodología/enfoque la evidencia empírica se deriva de la experiencia del sistema de gestión de destinos (DMS) egipcio, un caso en el que una APP de turismo fracasó debido al abandono del proyecto por parte del sector público. Se adopta un enfoque de métodos mixtos para comprender de manera integral el tema, analizando las perspectivas de los interesados internos (socios) y externos (por ejemplo, proveedores de turismo). Hallazgos los resultados indicaron que la gestión de las partes interesadas, el capital relacional, los beneficios percibidos y las capacidades de las partes interesadas podrían influir en las intenciones de comprometerse con un proyecto de APP de turismo. Además, se encontró que los últimos tres factores median la relación entre la gestión de las partes interesadas y el compromiso de APP a largo plazo. Los resultados también arrojaron luz sobre los aspectos importantes de las relaciones interpersonales no contractuales entre las partes interesadas internas y externas de las APP. Originalidad/valor este es el primer estudio que investiga el compromiso de los proyectos de PPP/DMS de turismo y sus posibles impulsores en un contexto no occidental. Además, este estudio contribuye al conocimiento al explorar la relación dentro y entre los grupos de partes interesadas internos (socios) y externos (por ejemplo, proveedores de servicios locales), y proporcionó evidencia sobre el papel crucial de ambos en el compromiso y el éxito de las APP a largo plazo. El presente estudio tiene algunas contribuciones significativas a la literatura sobre APP con respecto al compromiso y el éxito de las APP en los entornos complicados en los que se operan los proyectos de APP de turismo. Además, este estudio ofrece información y prácticas esenciales para mejorar las relaciones de los socios con las partes interesadas externas.

A new spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of phenylpropanolamine HCl (PPA), ephedrine HCl (EPH) and pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE) in pharmaceutical preparations and spiked human urine. The method involved heat-catalyzed derivatization of the three drugs with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) producing a yellow colored product peaking at 370 nm for PPA and 380 nm for EPH and PSE, respectively.The absorbance concentration plots were rectilinear over the range of 2-20 for PPA and 1-14 μg/mL for both of EPH and PSE, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) values were 0.20, 0.13 and 0.20 μg/mL for PPA, EPH and PSE, respectively and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.60 and 0.40 and 0.59 μg/mL for PPA, EPH and PSE, respectively. The analytical performance of the method was fully validated and the results were satisfactory. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the three studied drugs in their commercial dosage forms including tablets, capsules and ampoules with good percentage recoveries. The proposed method was further applied for the determination of PSE in spiked human urine with a mean percentage recovery of 108.17 ± 1.60 for (n = 3). Statistical comparison of the results obtained with those of the comparison methods showed good agreement and proved that there was no significant difference in the accuracy and precision between the two methods. The mechanism of the reaction pathway was postulated.