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This chapter reviews fundamental properties and recent advances of diffuse and pulsating aurora. Diffuse and pulsating aurora often occurs on closed field lines and involves energetic electron precipitation by wave-particle interaction. After summarizing the definition, large-scale morphology, types of pulsation, and driving processes, we review observation techniques, occurrence, duration, altitude, evolution, small-scale structures, fast modulation, relation to high-energy precipitation, the role of ECH waves, reflected and secondary electrons, ionosphere dynamics, and simulation of wave-particle interaction. Finally we discuss open questions of diffuse and pulsating aurora.

Wave-particle interaction processes in the equatorial magnetosphere initiate time-dependent electron precipitation in the pulsating aurora. These electrons enter loss-cone and bounce between the two magnetically conjugate hemispheres, collide with the atmospheric constituents, and introduce additional time scales in electron precipitation dynamics. In this letter we present preliminary results of pulsating aurora formation using the time-dependent SuperThermal Electron Transport code, which considers the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere energy coupling between the two magnetically conjugate regions and discuss their contribution to the peculiarities of electron distribution function formation within the pulsating aurora.

In this thesis data from four sounding rocket experiments (PHAZE II, SIERRA, RACE and HIBAR) are used to explore the high and medium frequency waves seen in the auroral ionosphere. All rockets were launched into active aurora and carried both particle and electric field detectors. The high frequency electric field detectors built at Dartmouth gave us the electric field waveform with very good resolution in both frequency and time and we were able to identify several wave modes finding new insights and describing new features of them in this work. First, the HIBAR rocket encountered two bursts of upper hybrid waves just below fuh = 2fce in association with a density \"shoulder\" and enhancement, respectively. The observed waves show several bands of frequency structure as well as sub structure while at the same time, the measured electron distribution indicates wave instability for frequencies 1-1.2% percent below the electron cyclotron harmonic. These results agree qualitatively with theoretical work predicting banded structure associated with upper hybrid waves trapped in density enhancements. In the RACE and SIERRA data we see narrowband, short-lived emissions near fpe, reminiscent of the HF \"chirps\" seen on the PHAZE II rocket (McAdams and LaBelle, 1999). We find that the frequency-time signatures of these phenomena are more varied than implied in the literature and we were able to infer decay times for a number of them. Two specific features associated with the whistler mode, which we call \"hooks\" and \"stripes\", were detected with SIERRA. We discuss possible generation mechanisms and test these ideas using ray tracing calculations. The \"stripes\" are most plausibly consequences of electrostatic whistlers shed by upward moving electron hole features at altitudes above 1000 km. We discuss evidence for this hypothesis. Finally, we computed statistics of the electric field amplitudes of the Langmuir waves observed with the PHAZE 11 rocket and found that they were lognormal, but departing from it at large electric fields following a power law instead.

This is an exploratory, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, aimed to evaluate the level of theoretical knowledge of Basic Life Support among nursing students. Interviews were carried out with 32 students of the last two semesters of undergraduate nursing, using a specific questionnaire containing variables for the sociodemographic characteristics and objective questions prepared in accordance with guidelines of the American Heart Association, 2010. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. It was observed that 75% of the nursing students had low knowledge about the basic life support, once they reached percentages lower than 75%. It was concluded that the theoretical knowledge on Basic Life Support among the evaluated students were insufficient to attend to victims with cardiopulmonary arrest, evidencing that the approach of this matter in the graduate studies has not been sufficient to build adequate practical knowledge.

Traditionally, data analysis and theory have been viewed as separate disciplines, each feeding into fundamentally different types of models. Modern deep learning technology is beginning to unify these two disciplines and will produce a new class of predictively powerful space weather models that combine the physical insights gained by data and theory. We call on NASA to invest in the research and infrastructure necessary for the heliophysics' community to take advantage of these advances.

Herbicides are the most common agrochemicals used in crops. Among them, glyphosate is the most widely applied in the world. Herbicides, especially organophosphates, have been shown to be hazardous to non-target species, including amphibians. The present study evaluated the acute and chronic effects of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH), Roundup original® DI on tadpoles from two South American native species, Physalaemus cuvieri and P. gracilis. Spawnings were collected in the natural environment and maintained in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Acute and chronic toxicology trials began at stage 25 of Gosner (Herpetological 16:183–190, 1960 ). In an acute toxicity assay, seven GBH concentrations between 100 and 4500 μg a.e./L were tested over 96 h. For the chronic trials, tadpoles were subjected to both doses allowed by Brazilian legislation and to concentrations found in natural environment waters from Brazil and Argentina, between 65 and 1000 μg a.e/L over 14 days. Glyphosate had lethal effects on both studied species. Tadpoles showed shorter lengths and lower masses; that is, those that survived suffered chronic effects on growth and weight. The GBH maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for mortality and malformation was lower than the allowed level for Brazilian waters. The GBH tested in this study presented a high environmental and acute risk for the two studied species.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, has a not yet completely defined aetiology and is characterized by a progressive chronic inflammation that involves nitroxidative stress and dysbiosis. Extraintestinal manifestations can occur and affect several organs, including the liver and bile ducts, joints, skin, eyes, and less frequently, the heart, brain, and kidneys, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. These repercussions may be associated with the activity or severity of IBD. The present review proposes to report and analyse the participation of dysbiosis and nitroxidative stress in the genesis of extraintestinal manifestations, aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the disease and to focus on the development of individualized preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Pyriproxyfen (PPF), Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI), and malathion (MLT) are widely used worldwide to control the population of mosquitos that transmit arboviruses. The current work aimed to evaluate the toxicity of these single pesticides and their binary mixtures of PPF + BTI, PPF + MLT, and MLT + BTI on the embryo-larval stage of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as an animal model. Epiboly, mortality, apical endpoints, affected animals, heart rate, morphometric, thigmotaxis, touch sensitivity, and optomotor response tests were evaluated. PPF and MLT and all mixtures reduced the epiboly percentage. Mortality increased significantly in all exposed groups, except BTI, with MLT being the most toxic. The observed apical endpoints were pericardial and yolk sac edemas, and tail and spine deformation. Exposure to MLT showed a higher percentage of affected animals. A reduction in heart rate was also observed in MLT- and PPF + MLT-exposed groups. The PPF + MLT mixture decreased head measurements. Behavioral alterations were observed, with a decrease in thigmotaxis and touch sensitivity responses in PPF + MLT and MLT + BTI groups. Finally, optomotor responses were affected in all groups. The above data obtained suggest that the MLT + PFF mixture has the greatest toxicity effects. This mixture affected embryo-larval development and behavior and is close to the reality in several cities that use both pesticides for mosquito control rather than single pesticides, leading to a reevaluation of the strategy for mosquito control.

In pharmacy, theoretical and methodological approaches from anthropology and the social sciences have been increasingly used to understand the complexity of health–disease processes and their relationship with medicines and social practices. Ethnography offers a critical and in-depth lens for analyzing phenomena in Primary Health Care (PHC), bridging persistent gaps between theory and method in health research. This article presents the theoretical and methodological trajectory of an ethnographic study on pharmaceutical services in PHC, conducted through participant observation in three Units in São Paulo, totaling 166 h of fieldwork. Data were recorded in field diaries and analyzed using a thematic inductive approach, leading to the development of conceptual categories and an analytical framework. Reflections on the method enabled interpretive analyses based on assumptions that were confronted with national and international trends in pharmacy literature. Constructing the method in a non-isolated, context-sensitive way was essential to understanding how pharmacists actively shape their practices in PHC. The study reinforces the relevance of participant observation as both a methodological and interpretive strategy, revealing that pharmaceutical services are being constructed through culturally situated practices that respond to health needs with the pharmacist’s active involvement.