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Background Potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) are associated with adverse health outcomes. The use of PIM among persons living with HIV (PLHIV) could be more problematic due to peculiarities such as antiretroviral toxicity and drug-disease interactions. However, PIM among PLHIV continues to receive little attention. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review and estimate the prevalence of PIM among PLHIV. Methods We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2024. Studies included were peer-reviewed articles that determined PIM prevalence using validated explicit or implicit tools and provided statistical information on the measured outcomes. Systematic, narrative, and literature reviews as well as case studies, commentaries, and editorials were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool. Subgroup analysis was performed for the different geographic regions, PIM criteria, age, study period, and median numbers of medicines. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias, and cumulative meta-analysis were conducted. Results A total of 13 articles, including 3200 PLHIV, were included for the systematic review, while meta-analysis was conducted using 8 studies comprising 2546 PLHIV. Most of the studies (46%) employed a cross-sectional study design. 11 out of the 13 studies were conducted in Europe. Most studies reported benzodiazepines as the most common PIM among PLHIV, while hypertension and dyslipidaemia were identified as the most frequent comorbidities. Overall, the pooled prevalence of PIM was 44.8% (95% CI, 32%-58%) using a random-effect model. PIM prevalence among PLHIV was higher among those exposed to polypharmacy (59.3%; CI: 48.9% – 68.9%), those aged > 70 years (44.6%; CI: 24.1–67.1), and post-COVID (48.9%; CI: 39%-59%). Conclusion This study suggests that PIM exposure among PLHIV is a budding issue. Findings from this review advocate for mitigating measures against PIM use. Also, this review contributes data on the use of PIM across different cohorts, creating awareness for policymakers and health managers. Review registration PROSPERO – CRD42024529411.

Fundamental heterocyclic molecules, quinolone and its analogs, especially 8-hydroxyquinoline, play a significant role in chemical synthesis. It has become clear that 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives are incredibly adaptable molecules with a wide range of uses in industrial and medical chemistry. Quinoline has undergone significant modification since it was first synthesized in the 1980s, yielding derivatives with notable biological activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic characteristics. The major discussions of this review are the synthetic techniques and modifications in the structure of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its nitro, amino, and halogenated derivatives. This review also includes information on forming various 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and their biological activities. This review discusses traditional and modern synthetic pathways, emphasizing the quinoline core and changes to functional groups that affect yield and reactivity. Chemists looking forward to investigating the various reactivity patterns of quinoline-based compounds and enhancing synthetic procedures will observe significant value in the insights provided in this review.

The alterations in serum super oxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activities in relation to sequential haematological changes were determined to assess the impacts of oxidative stress in Wistar rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei . Forty adult male rats allocated into infected and control groups, of 20 rats each based on their mean body weight were used. Rats in infected group were administered 1 ml of reconstituted infected blood containing 1 × 10 6 trypanosomes/ml obtained from T. b. brucei –infected donor rat. Blood sample in EDTA sample tubes was collected for haematological parameters determinations, and sera were also harvested for determination of SOD activities on day 0 post-infection (pi) (day of infection) and days 3, 5 and 7 pi. Results indicated pre-patent period of 3.75 ± 0.11 days and increase in levels of parasitaemia throughout the study. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total white blood cell count (TWBC) were significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced with values of 33.00 ± 2.89% and 6.93 ± 0.48 × 10 9 /L, respectively on day 7 pi compared with control and pre-infection values. Serum SOD activity had a significant ( p < 0.05) negative correlation ( г = − 0.9) with the levels of parasitaemia in the T. b. brucei –infected rats. In conclusion, infection of rats with T. b. brucei caused a decrease in the serum SOD activities proportional to the level of parasitaemia and duration of the infection, and this is suggested to be responsible for sequential development of anaemia and leucopenia.

the most recently discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) that causes COVID-19, subjected the entire world in turmoil health-wise and economically. With higher burden of malaria in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries coupled with fragile healthcare system and delivery, these may pose a threat in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients co-infected with malaria. Free radicals have been implicated in the progression and pathogenesis of malaria and COVID-19 through Fenton's reaction and cytokine storm respectively. the current research comprises of seventy-four (74) participants; 20 apparently healthy controls and 54 COVID-19 patients (34 among which were co-infected with malaria). Serum levels of 8-iso PGF2α and Alphatocopherol were determined among the study participants using ELISA technique and colorimetric assay, respectively. results revealed statistically significant elevation of 8-iso PGF2α in COVID-19 patients co-infected with malaria compared to COVID-19 patients only, and this may be due to increase production of free radicals. Furthermore, a significant decrease of Alphatocopherol was observed in COVID-19 co-infected with malaria compared to COVID-19 patients due to increase utilization of antioxidants in counterbalancing the negative effect of free radicals generated. conclusively, SARS-COV-2 patients co-infected with malaria might be predisposed to oxidative stress and low Alphatocopherol. The increase in oxidative stress is proportional to malaria parasite density and inversely related to Alphatocopherol levels. This implies that oxidative stress is notably higher and such patients may have a severer form of the COVID-19. Increased 8-iso-PGF2α in co-infection and decreased alphatocopherol levels can reflect the severity and adverse outcomes compared to COVID-19 naïve because of their tremendous involvement in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases.

It is quite interesting to note that Pidgin which essentially began as a demanded language between the white importers, who later turned colonial masters, and their black traders has now become a campus language-spoken of the majority of the population among the Nigerian students in advanced institutions of learning. Nigerian Pidgin English evolved as a result of language contact with the British colonialists. This study seeks to assess the use, and also determine the recognition of Pidgin English among Nigerian postgraduate students in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Questionnaires were administered on selected students in the university in an attempt to elicit the attitude and usage of the informants to Nigerian Pidgin English. The results were calculated in percentages. It was found that the attitude of Nigerian students regarding the Nigerian Pidgin English in UPM is positive. To conclude, in the next few years, Nigerians are expected to use Nigerian Pidgin English in all situations when they communicate.

An increasing body of studies suggests that bilingual persons are better than monolinguals on a variety of cognitive measures. Thus, the present study investigates the relationship between the onset age of bilingual and the development of cognitive control among Nigerians. 10 bilingual students studying at University Putra Malaysia have been selected to participate in this study. They are divided into two groups: 5 early and 5 late bilinguals. The data are collected using online English proficiency test and E-prime software as instruments. Both groups are examined for English proficiency and performance on a flanker task. The result demonstrates that early bilinguals are more proficient in English than late bilinguals. Moreover, early bilingual performs better than late bilingual on flanker task. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that being early active bilinguals tend to have greater advantages in cognitive control and higher language proficiency.