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"Santoro, Christopher"
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Open the barn door--
A lift-the-flap book revealing what you can find in a barn, in a sty, under a hen, and more.
Book
Implementation of ASRA Checklist to Enhance Knowledge and Awareness of Last
Purpose: The purpose of this project was to determine if the implementation of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) checklist would enhance knowledge and awareness of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) among certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) at a northwestern Louisiana hospital facility and increase the frequency of lipid emulsion administration during LAST occurrences to improve patient safety.Procedure: A pre-implementation knowledge and awareness survey was administered to 10 CRNAs. Next, the project leader conducted a didactic session utilizing the ASRA checklist as an educational tool. Then, a post-implementation survey was administered after a 2-week interval to reassess knowledge and awareness of LAST. Finally, a 5-question simulated scenario of LAST was administered to project participants to assess the frequency of lipid emulsion administration. A Wilcoxon-signed rank test and descriptive statistics were used to compare the pre- and post-implementation data sets as well as the frequency of lipid emulsion administration.Results: There were statistically significant changes between pre- and post-implementation survey scores based on an alpha value of .05 and p = .007. The mean pre-implementation survey score of 69% improved to a mean post-implementation survey score of 100%. Additionally, all participants (N = 10) successfully administered lipid emulsion correctly.Conclusions: The ASRA checklist can be successfully utilized as a viable educational tool to enhance knowledge and awareness of LAST and to increase the frequency of lipid emulsion administration.
Dissertation
Open the garage door
The littlest of vehicle fans will love lifting 11 flaps to find a car, a truck, a fire engine, a motorcycle, and much, much more in this fun and engaging board book.
Book
Metabolic versatility of the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrospira marina and its proteomic response to oxygen-limited conditions
The genus
Nitrospira
is the most widespread group of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and thrives in diverse natural and engineered ecosystems
. Nitrospira marina
Nb-295
T
was isolated from the ocean over 30 years ago; however, its genome has not yet been analyzed. Here, we investigated the metabolic potential of
N. marina
based on its complete genome sequence and performed physiological experiments to test genome-derived hypotheses. Our data confirm that
N. marina
benefits from additions of undefined organic carbon substrates, has adaptations to resist oxidative, osmotic, and UV light-induced stress and low dissolved
p
CO
2
, and requires exogenous vitamin B
12
. In addition,
N. marina
is able to grow chemoorganotrophically on formate, and is thus not an obligate chemolithoautotroph. We further investigated the proteomic response of
N. marina
to low (∼5.6 µM) O
2
concentrations. The abundance of a potentially more efficient CO
2
-fixing pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR) complex and a high-affinity
cbb
3
-type terminal oxidase increased under O
2
limitation, suggesting a role in sustaining nitrite oxidation-driven autotrophy. This putatively more O
2
-sensitive POR complex might be protected from oxidative damage by Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase, which also increased in abundance under low O
2
conditions. Furthermore, the upregulation of proteins involved in alternative energy metabolisms, including Group 3b [NiFe] hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase, indicate a high metabolic versatility to survive conditions unfavorable for aerobic nitrite oxidation. In summary, the genome and proteome of the first marine
Nitrospira
isolate identifies adaptations to life in the oxic ocean and provides insights into the metabolic diversity and niche differentiation of NOB in marine environments.
Journal Article
Ubiquity and Diversity of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea in Water Columns and Sediments of the Ocean
Nitrification, the microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate, occurs in a wide variety of environments and plays a central role in the global nitrogen cycle. Catalyzed by the enzyme ammonia monooxygenase, the ability to oxidize ammonia was previously thought to be restricted to a few groups within the β- and γ-Proteobacteria. However, recent metagenomic studies have revealed the existence of unique ammonia monooxygenase α-subunit (amoA) genes derived from uncultivated, nonextremophilic Crenarchaeota. Here, we report molecular evidence for the widespread presence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in marine water columns and sediments. Using PCR primers designed to specifically target archaeal amoA, we find AOA to be pervasive in areas of the ocean that are critical for the global nitrogen cycle, including the base of the euphotic zone, suboxic water columns, and estuarine and coastal sediments. Diverse and distinct AOA communities are associated with each of these habitats, with little overlap between water columns and sediments. Within marine sediments, most AOA sequences are unique to individual sampling locations, whereas a small number of sequences are evidently cosmopolitan in distribution. Considering the abundance of non-extremophilic archaea in the ocean, our results suggest that AOA may play a significant, but previously unrecognized, role in the global nitrogen cycle.
Journal Article
Genomic and proteomic characterization of “Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus brevis”: An ammonia-oxidizing archaeon from the open ocean
Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant microbial cells in the ocean, but to date, complete genome sequences for marine Thaumarchaeota are lacking. Here, we report the 1.23-Mbp genome of the pelagic ammonia-oxidizing thaumarchaeon “ Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus brevis” str. CN25. We present the first proteomic data, to our knowledge, from this phylum, which show a high proportion of proteins translated in oligotrophic conditions. Metagenomic fragment recruitment using data from the open ocean indicate the ubiquitous presence of Ca. N. brevis-like sequences in the surface ocean and suggest Ca . N. brevis as a model system for understanding the ecology and evolution of pelagic marine Thaumarchaeota. Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant microbial cells in the ocean, but difficulty in cultivating marine Thaumarchaeota has hindered investigation into the physiological and evolutionary basis of their success. We report here a closed genome assembled from a highly enriched culture of the ammonia-oxidizing pelagic thaumarchaeon CN25, originating from the open ocean. The CN25 genome exhibits strong evidence of genome streamlining, including a 1.23-Mbp genome, a high coding density, and a low number of paralogous genes. Proteomic analysis recovered nearly 70% of the predicted proteins encoded by the genome, demonstrating that a high fraction of the genome is translated. In contrast to other minimal marine microbes that acquire, rather than synthesize, cofactors, CN25 encodes and expresses near-complete biosynthetic pathways for multiple vitamins. Metagenomic fragment recruitment indicated the presence of DNA sequences >90% identical to the CN25 genome throughout the oligotrophic ocean. We propose the provisional name “ Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus brevis” str. CN25 for this minimalist marine thaumarchaeon and suggest it as a potential model system for understanding archaeal adaptation to the open ocean.
Journal Article
Neighborhood Immigration, Violence, and City-Level Immigrant Political Opportunities
Using a multilevel comparative framework, we propose that politically receptive city contexts facilitate the viability of marginalized neighborhoods. To illustrate this proposition, we examine the relationship between immigrant concentration and neighborhood violence. Drawing on political process and minority incorporation theories, we argue that favorable immigrant political opportunities will strengthen the often-found inverse relationship between immigration and crime at the neighborhood level. Unique data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study (Peterson and Krivo 2010a) provide demographic and violence information for Census tracts in a representative sample of 87 large cities. We append this dataset with city-level measures of immigrant political opportunities, such as the extent of minority political incorporation into elected offices and pro-immigrant legislation. Multilevel instrumental variable analyses reveal that the inverse relationship between immigrant concentration and neighborhood violent crime is generally enhanced in cities with favorable immigrant political opportunities. We speculate that this occurs because favorable political contexts bolster social organization by enhancing trust and public social control within immigrant neighborhoods. Our findings demonstrate that the fate of neighborhoods marginalized across ethnicity and nativity are shaped by the responsiveness of political actors and structures to their concerns.
Journal Article
An Expanded Genetic Code with a Functional Quadruplet Codon
With few exceptions the genetic codes of all known organisms encode the same 20 amino acids, yet all that is required to add a new building block are a unique tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair, a source of the amino acid, and a unique codon that specifies the amino acid. For example, the amber nonsense codon, TAG, together with orthogonal Methanococcus jannaschii or Escherichia coli tRNA/synthetase pairs have been used to genetically encode a variety of unnatural amino acids in E. coli and yeast, respectively. However, the availability of noncoding triplet codons ultimately limits the number of amino acids encoded by any organism. Here, we report the design and generation of an orthogonal synthetase/tRNA pair derived from archaeal tRNALyssequences that efficiently and selectively incorporates an unnatural amino acid into proteins in response to the quadruplet codon, AGGA. Frameshift suppression with L-homoglutamine (hGln) does not significantly affect protein yields or cell growth rates and is mutually orthogonal with amber suppression, permitting the simultaneous incorporation of two unnatural amino acids, hGln and O-methyl-L-tyrosine, at distinct positions within myoglobin. This work suggests that neither the number of available triplet codons nor the translational machinery itself represents a significant barrier to further expansion of the genetic code.
Journal Article
Inflammation causes insulin resistance in mice via interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-mediated reduction in FAHFA levels
Obesity-induced inflammation causes metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that the innate immune transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF3) adversely affects glucose homeostasis through induction of the endogenous FAHFA hydrolase androgen induced gene 1 (AIG1) in adipocytes. Adipocyte-specific knockout of IRF3 protects male mice against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, whereas overexpression of IRF3 or AIG1 in adipocytes promotes insulin resistance on a high-fat diet. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of AIG1 reversed obesity-induced insulin resistance and restored glucose homeostasis in the setting of adipocyte IRF3 overexpression. We, therefore, identify the adipocyte IRF3/AIG1 axis as a crucial link between obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance and suggest an approach for limiting the metabolic dysfunction accompanying obesity.
Inflammation promotes insulin resistance in adipocytes, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, the authors show that the inflammatory transcription factor IRF3 drives expression of AIG1, which encodes a hydrolase that breaks down a class of insulin-sensitizing lipid called FAHFAs.
Journal Article
Uncertainty analysis of rising sewer models with respect to input parameters and model structure using Monte Carlo simulations and computational fluid dynamics
Modelling conversion processes in sewers can help minimize odour and pipe corrosion issues, but model uncertainties and errors must be understood. In this study, the Wastewater Aerobic/Anaerobic Transformation in Sewers (WATS) model is implemented in two different frameworks; 1-D (CSTR-in-series) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the uncertainties due to model parameters and its mathematical form. The 1-D model is used to conduct uncertainty/sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. Time-averaged outputs were represented using a general linearized model to quantify the importance of specific parameters. The sulfide formation rate per unit area of the biofilm is the most influential parameter. Parameters controlling anaerobic hydrolysis and fermentation are also significant. Uncertainty due to model structure is studied using CFD to explore the influences of non-homogeneous surface reactions and solids settling. These showed that the 1-D model provides a reasonable characterisation of the process for simple flows in pressure mains.
Journal Article