Explore the vast range of titles available.

Theory on intraguild killing (IGK) is central to mammalian carnivore community ecology and top-down ecosystem regulation. Yet, the cryptic nature of IGK hinders empirical evaluations. Using a novel data source – online photographs of interspecific aggression between African carnivores – we revisited existing predictions about the extent and drivers of IGK. Compared with seminal reviews, our constructed IGK network yielded 10 more species and nearly twice as many interactions. The extent of interactions increased 37% when considering intraguild aggression (direct attack) as a precursor of killing events. We show that IGKoccurs over a wider range of body-mass ratios than predicted by standing competition-based views, with highly asymmetrical interactions being pervasive. Evidence that large species, particularly hypercarnivore felids, target sympatric carnivores with a wide range of body sizes suggests that current IGK theory is incomplete, underestimating alternative competition pathways and the role of predatory and incidental killing. Our findings reinforce the potential for IGK-mediated cascades in species-rich assemblages and community-wide suppressive effects of large carnivores.

The aims of this study were to predict the potential distribution of two introduced Mustelidae, Mustela nivalis and M. putorius in the Azores archipelago (Portugal), and evaluate the relative contribution of environmental factors from native and introduced ranges to predict species distribution ranges in oceanic islands. We developed two sets of Species Distribution Models using MaxEnt and distribution data from the native and introduced ranges of the species to project their potential distribution in the archipelago. We found differences in the predicted distributions for the models based on introduced and on native occurrences for both species, with different most important variables being selected. Climatic variables were most important for the introduced range models, while other groups of variables (i.e., human-disturbance) were included in the native-based models. Most of the islands of the Azorean archipelago were predicted to have suitable habitat for both species, even when not yet occupied. Our results showed that predicting the invaded range based on introduced range environmental conditions predicted a narrower range. These results highlight the difficulty to transfer models from native to introduced ranges across taxonomically related species, making it difficult to predict future invasions and range expansion.

Camera traps can generate huge amounts of images, and thus reliable methods for their automated processing are in high demand: in particular to find those images or image sequences that actually include animals. Automatically filtering out images that are empty or contain humans can be challenging, as images can be taken in different landscapes, habitats and light. Weather and seasonal conditions can vary greatly. Most of the images can be empty, because cameras using passive infrared sensors (PIR) trigger easily due to moving vegetation or rapidly varying shadows and sunny spots. Animals in images are often hiding behind vegetation, and camera traps will see them from previously unseen angles. Therefore, conventional animal image detection methods based on deep learning need huge training sets to achieve good accuracy. We present a novel background removal approach based on movement masked images computed using sequences of images. Our deep vision classifier uses these movement images for classification instead of the original images. Additionally, we apply a deep active learning (active learning for deep models) for collecting training samples to reduce the number of annotations required from the user. Our method performed well in singling out image sequences that actually include animals, thus filtering out the majority of images that were empty or contained humans. Most importantly, the method performed well also for backgrounds and animal species not seen in the training data. Active learning brought good separation between classes already with small training sets, without the need for laborious large‐scale pre‐annotation. We present a reliable and efficient method for filtering out empty image sequences and sequences containing humans. This greatly facilitates camera trapping research by enabling researchers to restrict the task of animal classification to only those image sequences that actually contain animals.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe Nurses’ perception of the Nursing Process and its relationship with leadership. Methods: action research conducted between September/2021 and April/2022 with nurses from a medium-sized hospital in southern Brazil. The data investigated, one of the stages of the method, was collected using the Focus Group technique and submitted to Strategic Focus Analysis. Results: three categories emerged from the organized and analyzed data, namely: Nursing Process: a tool that qualifies nursing care; Conditions that weaken the Nursing Process; and Strategies that enhance the Systematization of Nursing Care. Final Considerations: the perception of the Nursing Process and its relationship with leadership are not always understood as complementary themes. Although they recognize that the Nursing Process is sometimes imposed as normative, nurses do not perceive the importance of the role of the leader, who is considered a key player in conducting and boosting the Systematization of Nursing Care. RESUMO Objetivos: descrever a percepção dos Enfermeiros sobre o Processo de Enfermagem e a sua relação com a liderança. Métodos: pesquisa-ação conduzida entre setembro/2021 e abril/2022 com enfermeiros de um hospital de médio porte do sul do Brasil. Os dados investigados, uma das etapas do método, foram coletados por meio da técnica de Grupo Focal e submetidos à Análise Focal Estratégica. Resultados: dos dados organizados e analisados resultaram três categorias, quais sejam: Processo de Enfermagem: ferramenta qualificadora da assistência de enfermagem; Condições que fragilizam o Processo de Enfermagem; e Estratégias que potencializam a Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Considerações Finais: a percepção de Processo de Enfermagem e a sua relação com a liderança nem sempre são apreendidos como temas complementares. Embora reconheçam que o Processo de Enfermagem é, por vezes, imposto como normativo, os Enfermeiros não percebem a relevância da função do líder, considerado ator-chave na condução e dinamização da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. RESUMEN Objetivos: describir la percepción de los Enfermeros sobre el Proceso de Enfermería y su relación con el liderazgo. Métodos: se trata de una investigación-acción realizada entre septiembre de 2021 y abril de 2022 entre enfermeros de un hospital de medio porte del sur de Brasil. Los datos investigados, una de las etapas del método, fueron recolectados mediante la técnica de Grupo Focal y sometidos al Análisis Focal Estratégico. Resultados: los datos organizados y analizados resultaron en tres categorías, a saber: Proceso de Enfermería como herramienta que cualifica los cuidados de enfermería; Condiciones que debilitan el Proceso de Enfermería; y Estrategias que potencian la Sistematización de los Cuidados de Enfermería. Consideraciones Finales: la percepción del Proceso de Enfermería y su relación con el liderazgo no siempre se toma en cuenta como tema complementario. Aunque los Enfermeros reconocen que el Proceso de Enfermería se impone a veces como normativo, no perciben la importancia del papel del líder, considerado como un actor clave para conducir y dinamizar la Sistematización de los Cuidados de Enfermería.

Citizen science has become a mainstream approach to collect information and data on many different scientific subjects. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of engagement and meaningful experience of participants in citizen science projects. We use motivational measures calculated from a web survey where respondents answered questions regarding to their motivation to participate in BioDiversity4All, a Portuguese citizen science project. We adapted the intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) and considered seven categories of measurement: Interest/Enjoyment, Perceived Competence, Effort/Importance, Perceived Choice, Value/Usefulness, Project Relatedness, and Group Relatedness each of them with statements rated on a seven-point Likert scale. We received 149 survey responses, corresponding to 10.3 % of BioDiversity4All Newsletter’s receivers. We analyzed for possible differences among the categories pertaining to gender, age, level of education and level of participation in the project. Finally, we assessed the different patterns of motivation existing among the users. No statistical differences were found between genders, age classes and levels of education for the averages in any category of analysis. However, IMI categories presented different results for respondents with different levels of participation. The highest value of Interest/Enjoyment and Perceived Competence was obtained by the group of respondents that participate a lot and the lowest by the ones that never participated. Project Relatedness had the highest value for all groups except for the group that never participated. This group had completely different motivations from the other groups, showing the lowest levels in categories such as Perceived Competence, Value/Usefulness, Project Relatedness and Group Relatedness. In conclusion, the results from our work show that working deeply on people’s involvement is fundamental to increase and maintain their participation on citizen science projects. If, for initial recruitment and in countries with low participation culture, mechanisms of external motivation may be necessary, to guarantee higher levels of long term participation, citizen science projects should foster intrinsic motivations which can be done by incorporating in project design experiences of relatedness, capacity building, positive feedback and adapted participation modes.

Introduction: External bleeding is the leading preventable cause of death from traumatic injuries. Implementation of guidelines for its control have been associated with a significant reduction in mortality. The objectives of this study were to provide a characterisation of trauma patients with external bleeding and to compare the outcomes from specific autonomous interventions applied by nurses in prehospital care. Methods: A non-randomised prospective study was conducted in the Immediate Life Support Ambulances in Portugal, from 1 March 2019 to 30 April 2020. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether external bleeding was controlled or not on their arrival at the emergency room. Results: A total of 189 patients were included in this study (73.0% men; mean age of 53.6 years). Among these patients, 140 (74.1%) had their external bleeding controlled by prehospital nurse's intervention. The average time of assistance at the incident site was 31.5 min. Patients with uncontrolled bleeding had a higher average rescue time (30.8 +-15.2 vs 33.7 +-13.0). Cryotherapy was administered to 15.9% of all patients and 93.3% of these patients arrived at the emergency room with controlled bleeding (p=0.01). Discussion: Despite the substantial reduction in the number of patients who keep bleeding after prehospital care, it was observed that one fifth of patients have external bleeding on arrival at the emergency room. Cryotherapy has been shown to be effective in controlling external bleeding. Failure to use haemostatic agents may explain the ineffective control of more complex external bleeding. Contribution to Emergency Nursing Practice: The current literature on management of bleeding in trauma patients is scarce and contradictory, especially in terms of interventions provided by prehospital teams led by a registered nurse. In addition, interventions vary from country to country. This article increases awareness of autonomous interventions implemented by prehospital nurses to manage external bleeding.

Carnivore intraguild dynamics depend on a complex interplay of environmental affinities and interspecific interactions. Context‐dependency is commonly expected with varying suites of interacting species and environmental conditions but seldom empirically described. In South Africa, decentralized approaches to conservation and the resulting multi‐tenure conservation landscapes have markedly altered the environmental stage that shapes the structure of local carnivore assemblages. We explored assemblage‐wide patterns of carnivore spatial (residual occupancy probability) and temporal (diel activity overlap) co‐occurrence across three adjacent wildlife‐oriented management contexts—a provincial protected area, a private ecotourism reserve, and commercial game ranches. We found that carnivores were generally distributed independently across space, but existing spatial dependencies were context‐specific. Spatial overlap was most common in the protected area, where species occur at higher relative abundances, and in game ranches, where predator persecution presumably narrows the scope for spatial asymmetries. In the private reserve, spatial co‐occurrence patterns were more heterogeneous but did not follow a dominance hierarchy associated with higher apex predator densities. Pair‐specific variability suggests that subordinate carnivores may alternate between pre‐emptive behavioral strategies and fine‐scale co‐occurrence with dominant competitors. Consistency in species‐pairs diel activity asynchrony suggested that temporal overlap patterns in our study areas mostly depend on species' endogenous clock rather than the local context. Collectively, our research highlights the complexity and context‐dependency of guild‐level implications of current management and conservation paradigms; specifically, the unheeded potential for interventions to influence the local network of carnivore interactions with unknown population‐level and cascading effects. We explored assemblage‐wide patterns of carnivore spatial (residual occupancy probability) and temporal (diel activity overlap) co‐occurrence across three adjacent wildlife‐oriented management contexts in South Africa ‐ a provincial protected area, a private ecotourism reserve, and commercial game ranches. We found that carnivores were generally distributed independently across space, but existing spatial dependencies were context‐specific. Our research highlights the complexity of guild‐level implications of current management and conservation paradigms.\" cd_value_code=\"text

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect on the contributions of the clinical supervision and preceptorship/tutorship as means to approach and engage nurses of healthcare services in activities related to the Supervised Curricular Internship, discussing conceptual, theoretical, and practical approaches for higher education in nursing. Method: This is a reflection based on the discursive formulation concerning clinical supervision and preceptorship/tutorship. Results: Clinical supervision has been widely used by international healthcare institutions to qualify the work processes of nurses, supporting their self-development. Currently, is has been supporting the work of nurses who are preceptors/tutors and monitors students on clinical internships. Final considerations: The clinical supervision of nursing students features a robust and effective strategy for the development of interns and for the completion of the teaching-service integration. RESUMO Objetivo: Refletir sobre as contribuições da supervisão clínica e da preceptoria/tutoria como meios para a aproximação e envolvimento dos enfermeiros dos serviços de saúde nas atividades de Estágio Curricular Supervisionado, discutindo enfoques conceituais, teóricos e práticos para o ensino superior em enfermagem. Método: Trata-se de estudo reflexivo fundamentado na formulação discursiva acerca da supervisão clínica e da preceptoria/tutoria. Resultados: a supervisão clínica tem sido amplamente utilizada pelas instituições de saúde internacionais para qualificar os processos de trabalho dos enfermeiros, apoiando seu autodesenvolvimento. Atualmente tem fundamentado a atuação do enfermeiro preceptor/tutor que acompanha estudantes na realização de estágios clínicos. Considerações finais: A supervisão clínica de estudantes de enfermagem se apresenta como estratégia robusta e eficaz para o desenvolvimento do estudante em estágio e para a efetivação da integração ensino-serviço. RESUMEN Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre las contribuciones de la supervisión clínica y de preceptoría/tutoría como forma de acercamiento y participación de los enfermeros de los servicios de salud en las actividades de Práctica Curricular Supervisada, discutiendo los enfoques conceptuales, teóricos y prácticos para la enseñanza superior en enfermería. Método: Se trata de un estudio reflexivo a partir de la formulación discursiva acerca de la supervisión clínica y de la preceptoría/tutoría. Resultados: la supervisión clínica es ampliamente utilizada por las instituciones de salud internacionales para calificar los procesos de trabajo de los enfermeros, apoyando su autodesarrollo. Actualmente motiva la actuación del enfermero preceptor/tutor el que acompaña a los estudiantes en las prácticas clínicas. Consideraciones finales: La supervisión clínica de estudiantes de enfermería se caracteriza como una estrategia robusta y eficaz para el desarrollo del estudiante en las prácticas y para la efectividad de la integración enseñanza-servicio.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the interventions of health promotion programs implemented in Health Promoting Universities; to analyze the results of the interventions of health promotion programs. Method: integrative review carried out in EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science. Articles published between 2000 and 2014 were selected, with evidence of health promotion intervention programs and evaluation of results. Results: 17 articles were included. The health promotion programs aimed at increasing the welfare of students, with an emphasis on physical activity, sexual health and on improving the environment of health support within the university community. Conclusion: health promotion strategies in an university context do not always result from the convergence between educational, political, legislative or organizational actions that support lifestyles and conditions which are favorable to the health of individuals or groups, and that contribute to improving the physical and social environment. RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar las intervenciones de los programas de promoción de la salud implementados en Universidades Promotoras de Salud; analizar los resultados de las intervenciones de los programas de promoción de la salud. Método: revisión integrativa realizada en la EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus y Web of Science. Se seleccionaron artículos publicados entre los años 2000 y 2014, con evidencias de programas de intervención de promoción de la salud y evaluación de resultados. Resultados: se incluyeron 17 artículos. Los programas de promoción de la salud tenían el objetivo de aumentar el bienestar de los estudiantes, con énfasis en la actividad física, salud sexual y mejora del entorno de apoyo a la salud en el ámbito de la comunidad universitaria. Conclusión: las estrategias de promoción de la salud en el contexto universitario no siempre resultan de la convergencia entre acciones educativas, políticas, legislativas u organizacionales que apoyan estilos de vida e condiciones favorables a la salud de los individuos o colectividades y que contribuyen a la mejora del entorno físico y social. RESUMO Objetivo: caraterizar as intervenções dos programas de promoção da saúde implementados em Universidades Promotoras de Saúde; analisar os resultados das intervenções dos programas de promoção da saúde. Método: revisão integrativa realizada na EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus e Web of Science. Selecionaram-se artigos publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2014, com evidências de programas de intervenção de promoção da saúde e avaliação de resultados. Resultados: foram incluídos 17 artigos. Os programas de promoção da saúde visavam aumentar o bem-estar dos estudantes, com ênfase na atividade física, saúde sexual e melhoria do ambiente de suporte à saúde no âmbito da comunidade universitária. Conclusão: as estratégias de promoção da saúde em contexto universitário nem sempre resultam da convergência entre ações educativas, políticas, legislativas ou organizacionais que apoiam estilos de vida e condições favoráveis à saúde dos indivíduos ou coletividades e que contribuem para melhoria do ambiente físico e social.

Background: Trauma is a public health issue with a significant social and economic impact. However, national data on its characterization and the role of nursing in its management is still scarce. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of prehospital nursing interventions in stabilizing trauma victims provided by nurses of Immediate Life Support Ambulances in Portugal. Methodology: Observational, prospective, and descriptive-correlational study. Data were collected by nurses of the Immediate Life Support Ambulances in mainland Portugal, from 01/03/2019 to 30/04/2020, and the Azores, from 01/10/2019 to 30/04/2020. Trauma severity indices were assessed before and after the nursing interventions. Results: This study included 606 cases (79.4% blunt trauma; 40.8% road accidents) reported by 171 nurses. Nurses performed mostly interventions for hemodynamic support (88.9%) and non-pharmacological pain control (90.6%) of trauma victims. The nursing interventions improved the Revised Trauma Score and the Shock Index (p<0.001). Conclusion: Prehospital nursing interventions improve trauma victims’ clinical status.