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The increasing demand for engineered nanomaterials induces potential harmful impact into aquatic ecosystems and is a great concern for freshwater biodiversity. The present study showed that enhancing toxic property of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) with copper (Cu) was responsible for the disruption of hormonal, hematological, and biochemical activities, in Clarias gariepinus . The study revealed that C. gariepinus intravenously injected with safe concentrations of TiO 2 NPs (3μg g) and Cu (2.5 μg g) alone and binary mixtures (TiO 2 NPs (3μg g) + Cu (2.5μg g)) for a period of 96h remarkably changed hormonal activities and hematological and biochemical indices of the fish. Our findings indicated that both chemicals accumulated in vital organs (the brain, serum, heart, gonad, liver, gills, serum, and kidney) and the presence of TiO 2 NPs enhanced the bioavailability of copper. Fish exposed to TiO 2 NPs alone significantly increased thyroxine (T 4 ) and further decreased triidothyronine (T 3 ). In addition, the binary mixtures showed antagonistic effects on both hormones. The hematological indices (WBC, RBC, HGt, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and Hct) were altered in all treatment groups. Decrease in WBC, RBC, HGt, Hct, and MCV were observed. Furthermore, the co-exposure further decreased WBC (60.28%), RBC (47.10%), HGt (75.99%), Hct (25.34%), and MCV (16.18%), in contrast, MCH and MCHC increased by of 2 folds, respectively. Metabolic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed significant (p<0.05) increase, with additive effect in co-exposure. However, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity decreased significantly in co-exposure. Significant (p<0.05) decrease of antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and metallothionein (Met) was observed in all the treatments with additive effect of 64.9%, 30.77%, and 91.31% in SOD, GST, and CAT, respectively. However, there was an increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA) in all treated fish. The results indicate that combined mixture influences the accumulation, hormonal, hematological, and biochemical factors which could affect the health of the fish.

PurposeThis paper examines the impact of fiscal constraints on education expenditure in Nigeria from 1981 to 2021, using annual time series data.Design/methodology/approachThe study deployed cointegration techniques with structural breaks.FindingsCointegration was found between education expenditure, debt servicing (a proxy for fiscal constraint) and associated variables. In both the long and short run, debt servicing negatively and significantly impacts education expenditure. While government revenue has a positive and significant impact on education expenditure in the long and short run, political institution has a negative and significant impact in the long run. Political institution is thus critical to education financing in Nigeria. The impact of debt is positive and significant in the short run, but not significant in the long run. There is a unidirectional causality from debt servicing to education expenditure.Practical implicationsPolitical institutions are critical towards contracting only productive debts and checkmating the adverse political environment through political will that prioritizes education financing.Originality/valueThe study extends the empirical literature on the fiscal constraint-education expenditure first by investigating fiscal constraint-education expenditure nexus given the institutional environment, and second by extending the methodology using cointegration techniques in the midst of structural breaks.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-10-2022-0682.