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This study explored the recovery of oil from lemon peel biomass and then tested it in a spark ignition as a substitute for gasoline. The study adopted the micro-arc oxidation coating technique, intending to improve the engine performance of the lemon peel oil-gasoline blends. The oil was recovered from discarded lemon peel biomass using steam distillation and then tested in the engine as a fuel by blending it with gasoline at volume ratios of 10, 20, and 30%. An endoscopic visualization approach was employed in this research work to assess the combustion initiation and flame characteristics of gasoline and lemon peel oil blends under different test conditions. Compared to gasoline and blends comprising 20 and 30% lemon peel oil, the 10% lemon peel oil mix produced higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions. The optical analysis demonstrated that premixed combustion with the 10% blend was found to be the highest, resulting in improved combustion and subsequently increased cylinder pressure. To improve the engine performance of the lemon peel oil blends with higher substitution (20 and 30%), the piston was coated with a ceramic coating. A novel technique, namely the micro-arc oxidation technique, was utilized for the coating. The coated piston engine fueled with a 20% lemon peel oil blend showed a 3% and 4.69% increase in thermal efficiency compared to the uncoated piston fueled with a 20% blend and sole gasoline, respectively. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions of the engine with a coated piston fueled by the 20% lemon peel oil blend were reduced by 12.7% and 12%, respectively, as compared to gasoline operation in the engine with an uncoated piston.

In this study, a modified catalytic converter was employed to treat the harmful exhaust gas pollutants of a twin-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine. This research mainly focuses on the emission reduction of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides at low light-off temperatures. A sucrolite catalyst (sucrolite) was coated over the metallic substrate present inside the catalytic converter, and exhaust gas was allowed to pass through it. A scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the changes in morphology, chemical compounds, and functional group elements caused by the reactions. Catalytic reactions were studied by varying the engine loads and bed temperatures, and the results were compared with those of the commercial catalytic converter. The results show that sucrose present in the catalyst was suitable at low temperatures while alumina was suitable for a wide range of temperatures. In the case of the modified catalytic converter, the maximum catalytic conversion efficiencies achieved for oxidizing CO and HC were 70.73% and 85.14%, respectively, and for reduction reaction at NO x was 60.22% which is around 42% higher than in commercial catalytic converter. As a result, this study claims that sucrolite catalyst is effective for low-temperature exhaust gas. Graphical abstract

Alcohol-based fuels have shown high compatibility with spark-ignition (SI) engines, which require improvements in fuel efficiency and emissions reduction to meet modern environmental standards. While extensive research has been conducted on ethanol and other lower-order alcohols, there has been comparatively limited investigation into higher-order alcohols like butanol and pentanol as fuel alternatives. Previous studies on pentanol-gasoline blends in SI engines have demonstrated improved engine performance and reduced emissions. Building on this, the present study focuses on analyzing the flame characteristics—specifically speed and distribution—of pentanol-gasoline blends within the engine. In this study, pentanol was blended with gasoline by the volume of 10%, 20%, and 30%, namely 1-PNL10, 1-PNL20, and 1-PNL30, and tested in a twin-cylinder gasoline engine with an MPFI system at various load conditions. The study has focused on investigating the flame propagation of gasoline-pentanol blends by examining the in-cylinder flame image. The in-cylinder combustion evolution was visualized and captured by using an AVL Visio scope camera. Flame characteristics such as spatial flame distribution and flame speed were evaluated from the captured flame images for pentanol–gasoline blends and compared with sole gasoline. The flame study indicates that the addition of pentanol favored to increase in the flame speed, which in turn improved the combustion rate. The flame intensity and distribution area increased with the addition of pentanol in gasoline, demonstrating improved in-cylinder combustion with increased peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate. The insights on the flame characteristics of pentanol–gasoline blends were used to rationalize the discussion on engine performance and emissions. The performance of the engine was enhanced while increasing the proportion of Pentanol in the gasoline. The 30% Pentanol gasoline blend showed 5.71% higher BTE than gasoline at full load condition. Emissions like CO and HC also decreased at the same time, and NO emission increased. From the test results, it can be concluded that Pentanol can be blended with gasoline up to 30% without any engine modifications.

In the present study, experiments were conducted to compare the effect of oxide layer formation on the piston crown coated using Micro-Arc Oxidation (MAO) with uncoated piston on the combustion and emission characteristics of the port injected Spark Ignition engine fueled by gasoline. The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating technique is the modern process to form a ceramic oxide layer on the reactive metal substrate (base metal) by electrochemical and electro-thermal oxidation in an alkaline electrolytic solution. Using MAO technique, an oxide layer of thickness 72 μm was formed on the piston crown. This oxide layer acts as a thermal barrier to reduce the in-cylinder heat rejection and increase the durability of the piston by withstanding high temperature and pressure produced during combustion. Combustion flames have been captured using the AVL combustion analyzer to analyze the development and propagation of flames within the engine cylinder. From the flame images, it was observed that propagation of flame was faster in MAO coated piston compared to uncoated piston. This is because of higher local temperature inside the combustion chamber that was resulted due to low thermal conductivity of MAO layer. It was also found that carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were reduced as a result of efficient fuel combustion, while NOx emissions increased because of increased combustion temperatures for MAO coated pistons. Keywords: Electro-thermal oxidation, Flame propagation, Micro-arc oxidation, Piston crown, Thermal barrie

Abstract Diesel engines are employed as the major propulsion power sources because of their simple, robust structure and high fuel economy. It is expected that diesel engines will be widely used in the foreseeable future. However, an increase in the use of diesel engines causes a shortage of fossil fuel and results in a greater degree of pollution. To regulate the above, identifying an alternative fuel to the diesel engine with less pollution is essential. Ethanol–diesel emulsion is one such method, used for the preparation of an alternative fuel for the diesel engine. Experimental investigations were carried out to compare the performance of diesel fuel with different ratios 50D: 50E (50 per cent diesel No: 2: 50 per cent ethanol –100 per cent proof) and 60D: 40E emulsified fuels. In the next phase, experiments were conducted for the selected emulsified fuel ratio 50D: 50E for different high injection pressures and the results are compared. The results show that for the emulsified fuel ratios, there is a marginal increase in torque, power, NO x , emissions, and decreasing values of carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions at the maximum speed conditions, compared with diesel fuel. Also, it is found that an increase in injection pressure of the engine running with emulsified fuel decreases CO and smoke emissions especially between 1500 to 2000 r/min with respect to the diesel fuel.

Research on the significance of cashew nut methanol blend and increase on the efficiency and release of diesel engine being essential, the proportional experimentation be accepted lying on the work surface of dynamic stimulating diesel engine injected by untainted diesel and bio-diesel methanol blend (M5, M10, M15 and M30) below various atmospheric force (80 kilopascal, 90 kilopascal and 100 kilopascal). The investigational outcome choose with the intention of the respective brake-specific fuel utilization (BSFU) of bio-diesel methanol blend are enhanced compared with diesel below diverse atmospheric forces and with the aim of the corresponding BSFU obtains immense enhancement by way of the enhance of atmospheric force while the atmospheric force is inferior than 90 kilopascal. At 80 kPA, the Hydrocarbon and CO discharge increase significantly by means of the mounting engine loads along with accumulation of methanol, whereas at 90 kPA and 100 kPA their consequences on HC and CO discharges be least. The alters of atmospheric force and blend percentage of methanol contain no understandable consequence on NOx discharges. smolder discharges reduce noticeably through the increasing proportion of methanol in blend, particularly atmospheric pressure below 90 kPA.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS), known as Thermocol, is a significant environmental concern due to its non-biodegradability and improper disposal, contributing to plastic pollution. Conventional recycling methods are often ineffective, needing a sustainable approach to convert this waste into valuable hydrocarbons. Catalytic pyrolysis offers a promising solution by breaking down waste thermocol into liquid fuels, reducing plastic accumulation while creating alternative energy sources. This study employs a biogas-fired reactor, an ecofriendly heating system, to enhance catalytic pyrolysis using Rice Husk Ash Catalyst (RHC) and Zeolite Catalyst (ZeC). A dual air and water-cooled condenser efficiently separated low and high-boiling hydrocarbons. As the high boiling hydrocarbon yield in liquid formation is higher so it was analyzed. The waste thermocol oil (WTCO) was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and elemental analysis to determine its chemical composition and physical properties. The important innovation lies in employing a biogas-fired reactor, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting green energy utilization. RHC reduced the degradation temperature and processing duration, achieving a higher oil yield of 76% with no carbon residue. This in turn produces balanced hydrocarbons like pentane, benzene, and toluene, which predominantly contain higher aliphatic hydrocarbons. In contrast, ZeC enhanced higher cracking activity, generating a higher gas yield of 51% rather than oil yield, and predominantly contains higher aromatic hydrocarbons. WTCO derived from both catalysts exhibited similar properties to diesel, such as high calorific value and optimal density. These findings highlight that catalyst selection enables tailored hydrocarbon production from waste thermocol, advancing sustainable waste management, pollution control, and green fuel development, aligning with global environmental conservation efforts.

Biodiesel derived from nonedible feed stocks such as Mahua, Jatropha, Pongamia are reported to be feasible choices for developing countries including India. This paper presents the results of investigation of performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using Mahua biodiesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of Mahua biodiesel and diesel were prepared, analyzed compared with the performance of diesel fuel, and studied using a single cylinder diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, Co, Hc, No, and smoke emissions were analyzed. The tests showed decrease in the brake thermal efficiencies of the engine as the amount of Mahua biodiesel in the blend increased. The maximum percentage of reduction in BTE (14.3%) was observed for B-100 at full load. The exhaust gas temperature with the blends decreased as the proportion of Mahua increases in the blend. The smoke, Co, and No emissions of the engine were increased with the blends at all loads. However, Hc emissions of Mahua biodiesels were less than that of diesel.

In this experimental study, pine oil is identified as low viscous low cetane (LVLC) fuel for compression ignition engine replacing diesel. Numerous advantages of LVLC fuels include improved combustion due to favorable physical properties than diesel. This leads to reduced hydrocarbon, smoke and carbon monoxide emissions with improved thermal efficiency. However, utilization of pine oil as a drop in fuel is challenging, due to its low cetane index. This leads to higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission due to prominent heat release rate. A novel fuel reforming system based on the principle of electrochemical liquid vortex ionization was used with permanent magnet/electromagnet to reduce NOx emission with pine oil as base fuel. Electrochemical liquid vortex ionization system converts the fuel molecules to ions; this leads to enhanced atomization and faster air–fuel mixing process leading to lower ignition delay. A two-cylinder commercial CI engine was used for this experimental study. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics were studied for pine oil with and without ionization system at 3, 6, 9 and 12 kW power output and compared with diesel. According to engine test results, compared to diesel, brake thermal efficiency for pine oil is higher and further improved with ionization system. Emissions like smoke, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are reduced for pine oil in comparison with diesel and further reduce with the ionization system. Longer ignition delay with pine oil operation leads to higher NOx emission compared to diesel. Nevertheless, the use of magnetic-based fuel reforming system reduces the ignition delay leading to lower NOx emission.Graphical abstract

Petrol engines give more hours power, which enables them to attain higher top speed and better acceleration. The refined driving experience offered by the petrol engines still remains unparalleled. The present work is focused to reduce the back pressure and emission level by modifying the design of the catalytic converter geometry, substrate diameter and length and new wash coat materials employing low cost zeolite synthesised from coal fly ash. Experiments were carried out in twin cylinder petrol engine with attaching the newly fabricated Converter with varied cone angles-30, 35, 40 and 45 degrees separately near to the exhaust manifold. Load tests were conducted and AVL-444 di-gas analyser was used to measure CO, HC, CO^sub 2^, O^sub 2^, and NOx. The CO and HC reduce by 85% and 80% respectively for 35 and 40 degree cone angle catalytic converters. Around 60% of NOx emission is reduced with 35 degree cone angle catalytic converter.