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Cell lines of a salt-sensitive cultivar of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. JL24) were selected on media amended with high NaCl concentrations. Comparative analyses of the water status and ionic relations of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cell lines showed a decrease in the water potential (ψ w) and solute potential (ψ π) with increases in salt stress. However, the maintenance of cellular turgor indicated active osmotic adjustments in response to salinity stress. In addition to the extrusion of Na⁺ in the NaCl-selected cell lines, a significant accumulation of proline was observed, which was probably associated with osmotic adjustments and the protection of membrane integrity. The addition of proline to the culture medium alleviated the salt stress-induced decline in fresh weight accumulation and reduced peroxidative damage to the lipid membranes, both in a concentration-dependent manner.

Osteopathic medical schools have traditionally placed a heavy emphasis on the field of primary care. While graduating osteopathic students continue to pursue family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics at higher rates than their allopathic counterparts, it is unknown whether students feel that surgical rotations are held to similar standards. The purpose of this study was to assess osteopathic medical student opinions of the quality of their surgical clerkships and to determine if good or poor experiences influenced their decision to continue pursuing surgery. After Institutional Review Board approval, a voluntary and anonymous Qualtrics survey was sent to all nationally registered members of the American College of Osteopathic Surgeons, Medical Student Section (ACOS-MSS) in their final 2 years of medical school. Analyses were conducted utilizing R statistical software. A total of 345 responses were recorded from the Qualtrics survey sent to 2182 ACOS students from the national registry (response rate of 15.8 %). Students who found a mentor during their surgical rotations were more likely to consider a surgical career after they completed their rotations (odds ratio [OR]=1.43, p=0.003). Students at academic sites had more opportunities for research than those at community hospitals (p=0.019). Most students responded that they were still considering surgery as a career after rotation completion; a significant portion (OR=0.36, p<0.001) responded that they were no longer interested. Medical students are most likely to review a surgical rotation favorably if they can connect with a mentor while on rotation. Osteopathic medical schools may benefit from instituting mentorship programs for students interested in surgery, as well as ensuring that their students have ample opportunity for research.

Begomoviruses have increased pathogenicity because of their adaptation to a wide host range; consequently, these viruses cause a major loss to agroeconomic crops worldwide. In this study, we designed a gene construct representing an antisense coat protein gene. We also analyzed the efficacy of the induced resistance against Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CrYVMV) affecting papaya in Nicotiana tabacum plants. Positive control plants developed typical leaf curl symptoms, whereas transgenic plants were symptomless. Moreover, the key component (i.e., short interfering RNA) of the antisense pathway was upregulated in transgenic plants. This finding demonstrates the activation of the gene silencing mechanism in transgenic plants. Thus, these results confirm that our construct is functional and effectively induces transient resistance against CrYVMV infections.

The full-length genome of a begomovirus and its cognate DNA-β satellite component associated with chilli leaf curl disease (ChLCD), originating from Varanasi, India, were cloned. Sequence analysis revealed that the viral genome (EF190217) is 2,750 bp and the DNA-β satellite (EF190215) is 1,361 bp in length. Agroinoculation with partial tandem repeats of the viral genome along with the satellite induced symptoms typical of ChLCD in chilli and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, symptom expression was delayed and milder when the viral genome was agroinoculated alone in these hosts. Sequence comparisons revealed that the genome had the highest sequence identity (95%) with that of chilli leaf curl virus-PK[PK:Mul:98]. The DNA-β satellite shared maximum sequence identity (88%) with a DNA-β satellite associated with tomato leaf curl disease from Rajasthan (ToLCBDB-[IN:Raj:03]). These results demonstrate that ChLCD is caused by a complex consisting of the monopartite chilli leaf curl virus and a DNA-β satellite component. This is the first experimental demonstration of Koch's postulates using cloned DNA molecules associated with chilli leaf curl disease.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer for the treatment of a variety of peripheral vascular pathologies. Results Between October 2010 and October 2017, 43 patients who underwent total 54 EVOH embolization procedures for the treatment of peripheral vascular pathologies were included. The cases which involved the use of EVOH for the treatment of nonvascular, neurologic, ophthalmologic, otolaryngologic or head-neck pathologies were excluded. The demographic data, technical and clinical success rates, and procedure-related details and complications were obtained. The most common indications for EVOH embolization were type II endoleaks ( n  = 18) and peripheral arteriovenous malformations ( n  = 14). The majority of cases (62.5%) used EVOH without any adjunct embolic material. The results of this study showed 100% technical success rates and 89% clinical success rates. No events of nontarget embolization or other procedure-related complications were noted. The mortality & morbidity rates were 0%. The loss to follow up rate was 16% (9 /54). The mean follow-up period was 134 days (range, 30 to 522 days). Conclusion The single institutional experience supports the safety and efficacy of EVOH embolization in the treatment of various peripheral vascular conditions.

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the 8-F Angio-Seal vascular closure device (VCD) to seal large-caliber (>8-F) access sites during percutaneous endovascular interventions. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of 42 consecutive patients (34 men; mean age 67.8 years, range 36–94) undergoing percutaneous peripheral interventions with sheaths ranging from 9-F to 12-F and subsequent closure using 8-F Angio-Seal VCDs. Single-wall puncture (n = 48) of the common femoral artery was guided by ultrasound in 46 cases and palpation in 2. Forty procedures required therapeutic heparinization during the interventional procedure; protamine was administered in only 5. Per protocol, manual pressure was held for 15 minutes. Clinical and/or imaging follow-up was available in all cases within 3 months after the procedure. Results Immediate technical success was achieved in all cases, with hemostasis obtained within 5 minutes (no oozing or hematoma). The overall complication rate was 4.1% (2/48); one hematoma requiring surgical repair occurred 10 hours after VCD deployment. An asymptomatic pseudoaneurysm was discovered on follow-up imaging and was treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection with complete resolution. Conclusion The use of the 8-F Angio-Seal VCD to close large-caliber arteriotomies ranging from 9-F to 12-F is feasible and safe, with a low complication rate.

Multiple shoot induction in Litchi chinensis Sonn. (litchi) has been achieved by two methods: (1) direct germination of litchi seeds in 6-benzylaminopurine (20 mg l-1)-supplemented MS liquid medium and supported on a filter-paper bridge and (2) in planta treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (100 microgram on alternate days) of the axillary bud regions of plants germinated and maintained under sterile conditions. While the former method resulted in as many as 27.5 +/- 8.6 shoot buds from the cotyledonary node within 4 weeks, the latter yielded on average approximately 8 shoot buds from each treated node in 8 weeks. The cytokinin treatment in planta consisted of placing sterile filter paper moistened with sterile distilled water over the node and adding different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine. Both methods of multiple shoot induction were found to be effective for the five genotypes of litchi that were tested. The shoots elongated and rooted directly in vermiculite after a pulse treatment with IBA (25 mg/ml) for 15 min. Fungus growth which is a serious problem in litchi tissue culture, was controlled using a fungicide, Bavistin, and by eliminating organic nutrients from the growth medium.

The enzyme β-glucuronidase (GUS) is well characterized in animals and microbes. However, this enzyme is not well studied in plants and is widely assumed to be absent in them. In this study we document the ubiquitous presence of GUS in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Nicotiana tabacum and Zea mays and record its expression pattern. The pH of the assay buffer was found to be critical with pH 4.0 being optimum for detection in all the species. GUS in plants appears to be associated with growth. In general, younger regions of the organs showed more GUS activity than the older and more mature tissues. In Brassica juncea roots stained for GUS, intense blue color could be seen in the trichoblast cells and the growing root hair cells as compared to the non-root hair forming epidermal cells or the fully elongated root hairs. Cotton fibers showed high GUS activity during the initial phase of elongation while the seed coat, from which the fibers formed, did not stain for GUS activity. The activity in the fibers disappeared after they were fully elongated. The level of GUS activity increased 2.58 folds in leaf tissues of N. tabacum when cultured in MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine, while gibberellic acid enhanced GUS activity 2.9 folds in the inter-nodal regions of rice in 12-h treatment. In addition, elongation of stem, root and root hairs in tobacco seedlings was strongly inhibited by the specific inhibitor of GUS, saccharo-1-4-lactone in a reversible manner. Taken together, these evidences suggest a probable association of plant GUS in cell growth.