Explore the vast range of titles available.

Exosomes can be defined as extracellular vesicles, of size ranging from 30 to 150 nm, secreted from almost all kinds of cells and can also be obtained from the body fluids. Exosomes have different components depending on the type of cell from which they originate. Exosomes are capable of transporting various molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, chemical compounds and metabolites. Experiments show that exosomes can perform important functions in cell growth, migration, differentiation, neuronal signalling, immune cell modulation. Exosomes can also be used in cancer therapy, as they can be key players in intercellular communication and signalling. Experiments have also demonstrated that exosomes are chief players in viral persistence and dissemination. The reasons why application of exosomes in targeted therapy is gaining significance are their ability to initiate cellular responses, high tolerance levels in host cells and high efficiency in penetrating other cells. Exosomes can be used both as therapeutic agents and escorts of drugs. Even though numerous studies have been performed in search of better anticancer therapies, most of them have come to a halt due to the failure in achieving a therapy best in all parameters. However, both in vitro and in vivo application of exosomes in diagnosis and therapy of tumours are prospective and has a future.

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have emerged as pivotal players in cell‐to‐cell communication. Plant‐derived exosomes, in particular, are gaining attention for their potential therapeutic applications in nano‐medicine. These vesicles are naturally occurring nanoparticles that carry bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and ability to traverse biological barriers, plant‐derived exosomes present a promising alternative to synthetic nanoparticles for drug delivery, especially in cancer and microbial infection therapy. Exosomes are secreted by almost every cell and are profusely present in all living organisms, making them excellent candidates for a large spectrum of research and applications. This paper describes the highly organized and regulated biosynthesis of exosomes and the prospects of their application in cancer therapy and treatment of microbial infections.

Plant‐derived exosomes (PDEs) are extracellular vesicles (EVs) occurring naturally,which have propitious applications in the development of cost‐effective and fruitful cancer therapy with minimum aftereffects and ramifications. Recent advancements in research based on PDEs demonstrate their extraordinary advantages in cancer therapy. The components of PDEs exhibit accomplished cancer prevention activity and having insignificant or negligible toxicity. The conventional methods to deliver drugs to the target have various problems, several of which can be solved by using PDEs for drug delivery. The main constituents of PDEs are proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA. PDEs are believed to revolutionize cancer therapy due to their magnificent attributes, but only a few clinical trials on PDEs are in progress. The mechanisms and regulations by which PDEs execute anticancer properties are yet not completely understood. Hence, research are conducted worldwide to understand the mechanisms of action of cancer antagonist PDEs more comprehensively and perspicuously. Modified PDEs have prospect in evolution of precision medicine which can bring a new dimension in the treatment of cancer.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer diagnostics, particularly through exosome-based chipsets that offer early, non-invasive, and highly sensitive detection. These nanoscale platforms isolate and analyze extracellular vesicles (exosomes) carrying molecular signatures from cancer cells. Microfluidic and material science innovations enable detection from body fluids with high specificity, surpassing conventional diagnostic tools. Engineered exosomes also offer therapeutic potential, especially in targeting metastasis. This review explores exosome formation, roles in cancer, and the latest advancements in chipset technology, emphasizing their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Despite challenges in standardization and clinical integration, ongoing research and trials indicate a transformative shift in cancer care driven by exosome-based technologies. Special emphasis is placed on chip-integrated nanotechnologies developed for exosome isolation and analysis, detailing recent innovations, device specifications, and diagnostic potential. The review aims to bridge the gap between fundamental exosome biology and the translational relevance of chip-based platforms in clinical cancer diagnostics.

The autofluorescence-spectral imaging (ASI) technique is based on the light-emitting ability of natural fluorophores. Soybean genotypes showing contrasting tolerance to pre-germination anaerobic stress can be characterized using the photon absorption and fluorescence emission of natural fluorophores occurring in seed coats. In this study, tolerant seeds were efficiently distinguished from susceptible genotypes at 405 nm and 638 nm excitation wavelengths. ASI approach can be employed as a new marker for the detection of photon-emitting compounds in the tolerant and susceptible soybean seed coats. Furthermore, the accuracy of rapid characterization of genotypes using this technique can provide novel insights into soybean breeding.

Cerium oxide (CeO₂) and copper-doped cerium oxide (Cu-CeO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized using Psidium guajava leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Characterization techniques included X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the CeO₂ nanoparticles, revealing a cubic fluorite structure. The incorporation of Cu ions into the CeO₂ lattice was evidenced by shifts in the diffraction peaks. SEM images showed spherical nanoparticles with smooth surfaces. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of copper, validating the success of the doping process. UV-Vis spectroscopy displayed absorption peaks at 306 and 316 nm, indicative of the photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains, with a notable inhibitory effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additionally, their anticancer potential was evaluated on two cell lines: HCT116 (colorectal cancer) and L929 (fibrosarcoma). Notably, pure CeO₂ nanoparticles exhibited lower toxicity in both cases. These findings suggest promising biomedical applications for the synthesized nanoparticles.

Background and Aims Cancer has grabbed the attention of scientists and medical professionals all over the world much more than any other disease. In the past few decades, the medical field has improved quite a lot but progress in the path to find a solution for cancer is very less. As the popularity of invasive technologies is diminishing in cancer treatment, scientists have come up withminimally invasive or non‐invasive alternatives, among which liquid biopsy, by far is the most suitable. Methods Liquid biopsy is used to analyse nucleic acids, subcellular components and circulating tumour cells in various biological fluids for diagnosis of cancer. It can also be used to know the efficacy of cancer drugs in a patient by analysing multiple samples. Outcomes Liquid biopsy is becoming standard of care as it allows biopsy of those samples in which solid tumour biopsies are not possible. The diversity of sampling procedures, such as collection of urine for urothelial carcinoma or bladder or prostate cancer and phlebotomy for other types of cancer, make liquid biopsy one of the best methods for diagnosis of cancer. Conclusion This review aims in discussing the several techniques used for the detection of cancer biomarkers and some clinical manifestations due to the changes in the biomarkers which are analysed by liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsy analyses the levels of biomarkers, which are of clinical significance present in bodily fluids like blood, serum, urine and saliva for diagnosis of cancer. The different biomarkers evaluated by liquid biopsy include cell‐free DNA, circulating tumour DNA, non‐coding RNA, proteins, exosomes and circulating tumour cells. The biomarkers are analysed using different sophisticated techniques such as microarray, next‐generation sequencing, microfluidics, karyotyping, advanced microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The biomarkers provide valuable information regarding the stage of cancer and also enlightens medical professionals about the most suitable therapy.

Background and Aims Cancer therapy is one of the most researched upon medical field in the world. Non invasive technologies such as liquid biopsy are gaining more importance in cancer therapy because of their manifold advantages over traditional invasive biopsy methods. Liquid biopsy is used to analyze nucleic acids such as ctDNA, cfDNA and RNA, cellular and subcellular components such as proteins, extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in various biological fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid and ascites fluid for diagnosis of cancer. Methods Liquid biopsy has a wide range of applications such as assessment of residual diseases and tumors which cannot be biopsied easily and prediction of CAR‐T response and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. It can also be used to know the efficacy of cancer drugs in a patient by analyzing multiple samples. Liquid biopsy is becoming more popular as it allows biopsy of those samples in which solid tumor biopsies are challenging or impracticable. Techniques and Results To achieve comprehensive insight on the status of cancer in a patient, various cutting edge liquid biopsy techniques have been developed. Microfluidics and photonic technologies, along with PCR, next generation sequencing, advanced and innovative molecular and cell biology approaches and imaging techniques have expanded the domain of liquid biopsy and elevated the accuracy of liquid biopsy results. Conclusion This review discusses about the contributions of some widely used methods along with microfluidics and photonic technologies in detection of cancer biomarkers by liquid biopsy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of liver cancer that is deadly and offers limited possible treatment options. This short review explored the role of exosomes (small vesicles released by cells) in HCC as either diagnostic or therapeutic possibilities. Exosomes facilitate tumour growth by carrying tumour‐supportive material to promote angiogenesis and metastasis. At the same time, exosomes may serve as a tumour biomarker for early diagnosis or prognostic possibilities in HCC. In the future, exosomes may be used as targeted therapies for HCC patients by enabling engineered exosomes to deliver therapeutics to tumour cells with more specificity and lower side effects. Lastly, this review discussed exosome isolation and characterisation techniques, engineering engineered exosomes for therapeutics and clinical trials using exosomes as HCC treatment options. Many challenges remain, including scale of production and standardisation aspects; the future development of exosome therapeutics appears promising. This review underscores the importance of continuing research towards improving exosome technologies and using exosomes in combination therapies, as they may help develop safer and more efficient ways to improve HCC care.

Zein, a corn‐derived prolamine protein, has become a powerful ally in the fight against cancer, particularly non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC.) Its unique attributes, enriched by modifiable hydroxyl and amino groups, have led to the development of advanced functionalised drug delivery systems. Innovative techniques like chemical crosslinking, desolvation, dispersion and micromixing have led to the creation of zein‐based nanoparticles, revolutionising cancer therapy. Central to this examination is the remarkable ability of zein NPs to enhance drug stability, optimise oral bioavailability and improve targeted drug delivery, specifically tailored to combat NSCLC. This represents not just a technological breakthrough but a paradigm shift, ushering in a new era of precise, personalised and effective cancer treatment. Zein, a hydrophobic nanoparticle, is a promising drug for cancer treatment. However, its journey to the clinic is challenging due to its hydrophobic nature and the need for advanced evaluative platforms. This review emphasises the need for rigorous research to align zein's potential with real‐world applications. It offers a synthesis of methodologies, applications, and obstacles, aiming to see zein nanoparticles as a central element in cancer therapy innovations. The review encourages researchers, clinicians and industry professionals to embrace the potential of zein and promote the convergence of laboratory innovation and clinical application.